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science > CH 27 > Flashcards

CH 27 Flashcards

1
Q

weathering

A

process involving the chemical and physical breaking down of a material on earth

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2
Q

soil

A

mixture of weathering rock, organic matter, water and air that is capable of supporting life

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3
Q

erosion

A

the removal of the surface material through the process of weathering

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4
Q

sediment transport

A

erosion agents like water, ice, wind and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another

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5
Q

deposition

A

when the erosion agent slows down or melts it drops this sediment load

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6
Q

drainage basin

A

land area that gathers water for a major river

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7
Q

longshore current

A

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline

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8
Q

what is weathering

A
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9
Q

do rocks weather at the same rate

A

no

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10
Q

what are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather

A

the rock type and the landscape theyre located at

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11
Q

what are the two types of weathering

A

mechanical and chemical

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12
Q

what type of change happens with mechanical weathering

A

physical changes occur

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13
Q

what type of change happens with chemical weathering

A

chemical changes composition changes

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14
Q

what are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering

A

frost wedging biological activity and collision

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15
Q

what causes frost from wedging

A

occurs when water collects in rocks and it freezes

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16
Q

what is the cycle called during frost wedging

A

freeze-thaw-cycles

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17
Q

what causes biological activity

A

plants and animals

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18
Q

what causes weathering during collisions

A
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19
Q

what causes weathering during collisions

A

when rocks fall or a strong river

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20
Q

what is soil horizons

A
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21
Q

how many soil horizons are there

A

t

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22
Q

true or false. all soils contain every soil horizon

A
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23
Q

what are the specific soil horizons

A
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24
Q

what do the first and second soil horizons contain

A
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25
which horizon collects material from previous horizons
26
what is the second horizon mostly made of
27
which layer does leaching occur
28
which layer is partially weathered bedrock
29
which layer is unweathered bedrock
30
which soil horizons make up the top soil
31
which soil horizons make up the subsoil
32
what are the two types of chemical weathering
33
what is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen
oxygenation
34
what is the chemical process call that is cause by water
hydrolosis
35
which soil horizons make up the true soil
36
what are 2 types of chemcal
O and h2o
37
what is deflation
removal of small particles by wind leaving heavier particles behind
38
what is wind erosion
the remaining surface after small particles are removed
39
do to wind what does the shape and sizes depends on
wind speed, amount of time wind blows, sediment supply
40
what are 3 landforms formed by land erosio
coastal cliffs sea arches and sea stacks
41
what are two things formed from wave deposition
sand bars and sand spits
42
what are sand bars
land forms that are parallel to the shoreline
43
what are sand spits
they are similar to sandbars but are in a hook shape
44
what are some things that can trigger mass wasting
snow heavy rains earthquakes or human activity
45
principle of Superposition
46
infiltration
water enters earth and becomes ground water below the surface
47
water table
upper boundary of the saturated zone
48
aquifer
rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
49
porosity
percentage of a total materials pore space
50
absolute dating
the process of assigning an exact numerical number age to an organistm
51
Relative dating
placing objects or events in their proper order in time
52
uniformitarianism
the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past
53
principle of superposition
in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary layers the youngest rock will be at the top and the oldest at the bottom
54
unconformities
gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent
55
fossilsw
remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record
56
what percentage of water on earth is salt water
97%
57
what percentage of water on earth is fresh water`
3%
58
where is the majority of freshwater found
glaciers
59
where is the smaller percentage of fresh water found
lakes rivers and ground water
60
what is precipitation1
rain
61
what is runoff
where water runs off the lands surface
62
what is infiltration
water enters earth and becomes ground water
63
what is transpiration
when plants release their water into the atmosphere
64
what is evaporation
water turning into gas
65
what is condensation
water turning from a gas to a liquid
66
what is the water cycle
the cycle that water takes from solid to evaporation in the sky then condensation in the clouds and it falls back down as a liquid in rain
67
what is an unsaturated zone for groundwater sotrage
water easily passes through
68
what is a saturated zone for groundwater storage
where water completely fills up the pore spacew
69
what does it mean if sediment is permeable
how easy water passes through the ground
70
what is a water table
upperboudary of the saturated zone
71
what is an aquifer
a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore spaces`
72
what is the name of the great plains aquifer
ogallala
73
how many states does the great plain aquifer run through
8
74
what is an aquitard
keeps water confined shale layers are good examples
75
what states does the ogallala go through
SD, WY,NB,CO,KS,OK,NM,TX
76
what are springs formed
where the water table naturally meets earths surface
77
what is an artesian well
wells drilled into pressurized aquifers
78
what is a cone of depression

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