ch. 25 Flashcards
nutrition includes the study of
a. the nutrients in foods
b. the body’s utilization of nutrients
c. how nutrients play a role in your body’s health
d. digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients
e. all of the above
all of the above
which of the following are energy nutrients
a. carbs, proteins, and lipids
b. proteins, water, and minerals
c. lipids, minerals, and vitamins
d. vitamins, lipids, and carbs
e. water, minerals, and vitamins
carbs, protein, lipids
essential nutrients
a. are important in the diet but not for life
b. are the only nutrients required by the body
c. cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body
d. are needed to make food taste good
e. are manufactured by the body
cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body
what is the measurement of the energy content of food
a. grams
b. calories
c. BTUs
d. joules
calories
a food guide pyramid suggests that
a. you eat as many sweets as you want
b. your diewt should contain a variety of foods
c. meats are the most important part of your diet
d. milk and cheese should be the main part of your diet
e. you should only eat one or two servings of bread, cereal, rice, or pasta per day
your diet should contain a variety of foods
a kilocalorie (kcal) is a measure of the
a. protein content of food
b. acidity of food
c. fat content of food
d. energy content of food
e. heat content of food
energy content of food
one gram of carbs, one gram of lipid, and one gram of protein yield ___, ___, and ___ kilocalories respectively
a. 4,4,4
b. 9,9,9
c. 4,9,4
d.4,9,9
e. 9,9,4
4,9,4
starches and sugars are examples of
a. carbs
b. lipids
c. proteinds
d. vitamins
e. minerals
carbs
complex carbs include
a. glucose and fructose
b. maltose and sucrose
c. starch, glycogen, and cellulose
d. cellulose and glucose
e. glucose and lactose
starch, glycogen, and cellulose
which of the following statements is true
a. the primary role of carbohydrates is to serve as an energy source
b. carbs include sugars, starches, and amino acids
c. maltose is a complex carb
d. sucrose is the primary source of energy for most cells
e. most carbs come from animal products
the primary role of carbs is to serve as an energy source
carbs are absorbed into the blood stream as
a. disaccarides
b. monosaccharides
c. oligosaccharides
d. polysaccarides
d. glycoproteins
monosaccarides
the primary source of energy for most cells is
a. sucrose
b. fructose
c. glucose
d. maltose
e. lactose
glucose
the most common monosaccarides in the diet are
a. glucose and fructose
b. galactose and fructose
c. glucose and glycerol
d. glycogen and glucose
d. lactose and maltose
glucose and fructose
excess glucose in animals is stored as
a. starch
b. sucrose
c. glycogen
d. galactose
e. cellulose
glycogen
which of the following organs can store glycogen
a. spleen and pancreas
b. kidney and adrenal gland
c. large and small intestines
d. liver and muscles
e. stomach and pancreas
liver and muscles
which of the following statements regarding cellulose is true
a. cellulose can be digested by human digestive enzymes
b. cellulose provides fiber or “roughage”
c. cellulose is another name for glucose
d. cellulost is one of the units of a sucrose molecule
e. cellulose is a source of energy
cellulose provides fiber or “roughage”
if your daily diet is deficient in carbs, the result might be
a. obesity
b. increased subcutaneous fat
c. decrease of muscle mass
d. constipation
e. sensation of thirst
decrease of muscle mass
a compound composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule would be
a. monoglyceride
b. diglyceride
c. triglyceride
d. phospholipid
e. cholesterol
triglyceride
if the fatty acid portion of a fat molecule has ten double covalent bonds, the fat is said to be
a. hydrogenated
b. polyunsaturated
c. monounsaturated
d. saturated
e disaturated
polyunsaturated
olive and peanut oils are both
a. solid fats
b. polyunsaturated fats
c. monosaturated fats
d. fatty acids
e. hydrogenated
monounsaturated fats
polyunsaturated vegetable oils can be changed from liquids to solids by
a. adding more unsaturated fatty acids to the molecules
b. removing the glycerol portion of the molecules
c. decreasing the number of double covalent bonds in their fatty acids
d. removing hydrogens from the molecules
decreasing the number of double covalent bonds in their fatty acids
phospholipids
a. are found in cell membranes
b. are used as an energy source by cells
c. can be modified to form cholesterol
d. are invovled in the process of inflammation
e. are found inside organelles
are found in the cell membranes
about 95% of the lipids in the human diet are
a. cholesterol derivatives
b. lecithins
c. triglycerides
d. starches and other complex polysaccharides
e. phospholipids
triglycerides
cholesterol
a. must be obtained from plants
b. can be manufactured by most tissues
c. is a hormone
d. is necessary for blood clotting
e. has no constructive function in the body
can be manufactured by most tissues
a student’s dietary intake includes 100 grams of fat and a total of 2000 kcal. what percentage of the total kcal in this student’s diet comes from fat
a. 10
b. 20
c. 37
d. 45
e. 50
45%
excess triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue. adipose tissue functions
a. to assist the body in temperature homeostasis
b. pads and protects
c. energy storage
d. insulates
e. all of the above
all of the above
which of the following is an essential fatty acid
a. lecithin
b. linoleic acid
c. stearic acid
d. butyric acid
e. hydrochloric acid
linoleic acid
eicosanoids are invovled in
a. inflammation
b. blood clotting
c. tissue repair
d. smooth muscle contraction
e. all of the above
all of the above
an essential amnio acid
a. can be formed from fats in the body
b. can be synthesized by the body if there is enough nitrogen
c. must be made from glucose
d. must be supplied in the diet
e. can not be converted to nonessential amino acids
must be supplied in the diet
proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by
a. acting as buffers
b. releasing nitrogen
c. transporting iron
d. binding sodium ions
e. removing carbon dioxide from the blood
acting as buffers
which of the following recommendations regarding daily requirements is correct
a. fats should account for 45% of total caloric intake
b. carbhydrate intake should be around 500 grams daily
c. protein consumption should be 10-35% of total kcal intake
d. cholesterol intake should be about 300 milligrams per day
e. protein consumption should be about 45% of total kcal intake
protein consumption should be 10-35% of total kcal intake
a food that contains all nine essential amino acids is called
a. plasma protein
b. incomplete protein
c. complete protein
d. intraceullular protein
e. adequate protein
complete protein
an example of an incomplete protein food is
a. eggs
b. meat
c. milk
d. leafy green vegetables
e. cheese
leafy green vegetables
protein that function in immunity include
a. enzymes
b. antibodies
c. hormones
d. collagens
e. fibrin
antibodies
functions of proteins include
a. providing structural strength in connective tissue
b. serving as a part of the cholesterol molecule
c. serving as the primary energy source of cells
d. transport of nitrogen gas in the blood
e. padding and insulation
providing structural strength in connective tissue
water-soluble vitamins include
a. vitamin A
b. vitamin C
c. vitamin D
d. vitamin K
e. vitamin E
vitamin C
which of the following individuals is most likely to be in a negative nitrogen balance
a. a healthy pregnant woman
b. a 10 y/o child
c. an adult woman with adequate protein intake
d. an elderly homeless man
e. a healthy adult man who exercises
an elderly homeless man
fat soluble vitamins can be toxic in large doses because they
a. do not dissolve in water
b. can be stored and accumulate in body tissues
c. are rapidly excreted
d. release free radicals
e. are flushed out of the body
can be stored and accumulate in body tissues
excessive bleeding due to slowed blood clotting is a symptom of vitamin ____ deficiency
a. A
b. D
c. E
d. K
e. C
K
vitamin E and vitamin C
a. both release free radicals
b. are needed in RBC production
c. are both antioxidants
d. are formed from provitamins
e. are required for blood clotting
are both antioxidants
which of the following vitamins is mismatched with its function
a. vitamin D - bone growth
b. vitamin A - rhodopsin synthesis
c. folate - synthesis of clotthing factors
d. vitamin C - collagen synthesis
e. vitamin B12 - RBC production
folate - synthesis of clotting factors
what would happen to a vitamin if its chemical structure is destroyed by catabolism
a. it could be recycled
b. it would become nonfunctional
c. it becomes a provitamin
d. it becomes a coenzyme
e. nothing, this is normal
it would become nonfunctional
minerals
a. are organic nutrients
b. can be manufactured by the body if the diet does not supply enough
c. can serve as buffers and components of enzymes
d. are found in high concentrations in refined cecreals and breads
e. are not necessary for normal metabolic function
can serve as buffers and components of enzymes
which of the following minerals is important in acid-base balance
a. calcium
b. chlorine
c. iron
d. manganese
e. sodium
chlorine
which of the following minerals is part of the hemoglobin molecule
a. calcium
b. iodine
c. iron
d. zinc
e. fluorine
iron
which of the following minerals is mismatched with its function
a. calcium - bone formation
b. zinc - hemoglobin synthesis
c. potassium - muscle and nerve function
d. cobalt - erythrocyte production
e. selenium - component of many enzymes
zinc - hemoglobin synthesis
the daily values appearing on food labels are based on a _____ kcal reference diet
a. 1200
b. 1500
c. 2000
d. 2500
2000
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body is known as
a. absorption
b. metalbolism
c. digestion
d. catabolism
e. anabolism
metabolism
which of the following statements is true
a. catabolic reactions are synthesis reactions
b. anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids
c. the energy derived from anabolism is used to drive catabolism
d. anabolic reations release energy
e. catabolic reactions consume energy
anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids
the digestion of complex carbohydrates is an example of
a. anabolism
b. synthesis
c. absorption
d. catabolism
catabolism
the production of protein by cells is an example of
a. anabolism
b. catabolism
c. glycolysis
d. phosphorylation
e. decomposition
anabolism
the energy currency of the cell is a molecule called
a. glucose
b. pyruvate
c. fat
d. ADP
e. ATP
ATP
high ATP concentrations would be found in
a. active cells
b. resting cells
c. exhausted cells
d. dead cells
e. none of the above
resting cells
what type of reactions are involved in ATP production
a. single replacement reactions
b. conbustion reactions
c. oxidation-reduction reactions
d. reutralization reactions
oxidation-reduction reactions
what atom is a major player in the production of energy from nutrient molecules
a. carbon
b. oxygen
c. hydrogen
d. nitrogen
hydrogen
glycolysis is best defined as the breakdown of
a. glucose to carbon dioxide and water
b. glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid
c. pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water
d. glycogen ot glucose-6-phosphate
e. glucose to glycogen
glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid
which of the following steps in glycolysis occurs last
a. oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
b. production of ATP from phosphoenolpyruvic acid
phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate
d. cleavage of fructose 1,6 diphosphate
e. input of 2 ATP molecules
production of ATP from phosphoenolpyruvic acid
in glycolysis
a. NAD+ is reduced to form NADH
b. more energy is used than produced
c. glucose is formed as an end product
d. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is used as an enzyme
e. oxygen must be present for it to start
NAD+ is reduced to form NADH
when glucose is metabolized in the absence of oxygen, one of the end products is
a. pyruvic acid
b. ketone bodies
c. lactic acid
d. citric acid
e. nitric acid
lactic acid
one difference betwen anaerobic and aerobic respiration is that
a. anaerobic respiration utilizes the citric acid cycle but aerobic respiration does not
b. aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration
c. anaerobic respiration takes place inside cells while aerobic respiration takes place in the plasma
d. aerobic respiration does not require oxygen
e. aerobic respiration takes place after anerobic respiration
aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration
a series of metabolic reactions in the liver that converts lactic acid into glucose called
a. the electron transport system
b. the Cori cycle
c. the citric acid cycle
d. beta oxidation
e. sugar cleavage
the Cori cycle
how many ATP and NADH are produced by glycolysis of one glucose molecule
a. 2 ATP and 1 NADH
b. 4 ATP and 4 NADH
c. 2 ATP and 2 NADH
d. 1 ATP and 2 NADH
2 ATP and 2 NADH
where does glycolysis take place
a. in the inner compartment of mitochondrion
b. on the surface of the mitochondrion
c. in the cytoplasm of the cell
d. along the cristae of the mitochondrion
in the cytoplasm of the cell
the citric acid cycle begins by combining
a. carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid
b. pyruvic acid and acetic acid to form acetoacetic acid
c. pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide to form lactic acid
d. oxaloacetic acid and acetyl-CoA to form citric acid
e. pyruvic acid and citric acid
ocaloacetic acid and acetyl-CoA to form citric acid
which of the following is the correct sequence
a. acetyl-CoA formation, glycolysis, electron-transport chain, citric acid cycle
b. acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis
c. citric acid cycle, glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain
d. glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cyle, electron transport chain
e. glycolysis, citric acid cycle, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain
glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle is false
a. process occurs in the mitochondria
b. the major end product of the cycle is lactic acid
c. at several steps, NADH molecules are formed
d. carbon dioxide is produced at several steps in the cycle
e. two ATP are formed in the cycle from one glucose
the major end product of the cycle is lactic acid
the result of five turns of the citric acid cycle would
a. 5 ATP, 5 NADH, 5 FADH2, 5 CO2
b. 5 ATP, 15 NADH, 5 FADH2, 10 CO2
c. 10 ATP, 30 NADH, 10 FADH2, 20 CO2
d. 10 ATP, 10 NADH, 5 FADH2, 10 CO2
e. 15 ATP, 15 NADH, 15 FADH2, 15 CO2
5 ATP, 15 NADH, 5 FADH2, 10 CO2
the mitochondrion is the site of
a. glycolysis
b. the citric acid cycle
c. anaerobic respiration
d. lactic acid formation
e. the citric acid cycle and the electron-transport chain
the citric acid cycle and the electron-transport chain
the electron transport chain
a. results in the formation of ATP
b. converts acetate to ketone bodies
c. converts glucose to fatty acids
d. converts fatty acids to glucose
e. removes a phospharte from ATP
results in the formation of ATP
if oxygen is present, how many molecules (net) of ATP are produced by the oxidation of one molecule of glucose
a. 4
b. 18
c. 32
d. 36
e. 40
36
a molecule that moves electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain is
a. pyruvic acid
b. CO2
c. ADP
d. NADH
e. H2O
NADH
each NADH molecule fed into the electron transport chain produces ____ ATPs
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
e. 6
3
which of the following statements is true
a. hydrogen ions are pumped across the plasma membrane
b. electrons pass from one electron carrier to another in the electron transport chain
c. water serves as the final electron acceptor
d. chemiosmosis forms carbon dioxide
e. the chemiosmosis model refers to movement of water
electrons pass from one electron carrier to another in the electron transport chain
the name of the process that couples the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane to ATP production is the
a. citric acid cycle
b. glycolytic pathway
c. chemiosmosis
d. Cori cycle
e. hydrosmotic model
chemiosmosis
which of the following events occurs last
a. hydrogen ions diffuse into inner mitochondrial compartment
b. hydrogen ions are moved from inner to outer mitochondrial compartment
c. the movement of hydrogen ions through special channels is coupled to ATP production
d. a hydrogen ion concentration gradient is established
e. NADH transfers electrons to the electron-transport chain
the movement hydrogen ions through special channels is coupled to ATP production
how many ATP are made from each FADH2 that trasfers electrons to the electron transport chain
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
2
what is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain
a. water
b. NADH
c. oxygen
d. carbon dioxide
oxygen
the body’s main energy storage molecules are
a. sugars
b. proteins
c. lipids
d. vitamins
e. carbohydrates
lipids
the correct sequence of events that occurs when fatty acids are used to generate ATP is
a. beta oxidation, electron transport chain, deamination
b. electron transport glycolysis
c. beta oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
d. glycolysis, beta oxidation, citric acid cycle
e. citric acid cycle, glycolysis, beta oxidation
beta oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
beta oxidation results in the formation of
a. pyruvate
b. acetyl CoA
c. carbon monoxide
d. oxaloacetate
e. ketone bodies
acetyl CoA
acetyle CoA
a. can enter the electron transport system directly
b. is a by product of glycolysis
c. might be used to ketogenesis
d. is needed to started oxidative deamination
e. is converted to pyruvic acid
might be used to ketogenesis
the formation of triglycerides is celled
a. glycogenesis
b. lipogenesis
c. gluconeogensesis
d. ketogenesis
e. beta-oxidation
lipogenesis
fatty acids are catabolized in a process called
a. glycolysis
b. glycolysis
c. beta oxidation
d. gluconeogenesis
e. ketogenesis
beta oxidation
the presence of ketone bodies in the urine indicates increased metabolism of
a. amino acids
b. lactic acids
c. fatty acids
d. nucleic acids
e. citric acids
fatty acids
slim n trim has been on a low-fat, no carbohydrate diet for two months. which of the following would you expect to find in large quantities in the urine
a. glucose
b. lactic acid
c. pyruvic acid
d. ketone bodies
e. proteins
ketone bodies
amino acids can be used as a source of energy
a. by converting them into nucleic acids
b. by subjecting them to oxidative deamination
c. in the process of transamination
d. by converting them to ethanol
e. and can be stored in the body
by subjecting them to oxidative deamination
transamination
a. results in free fatty acids
b. requires glucose
c. can be used to synthesize essential amino acids
d. involves removing an amine group from an amino acid
e. directly produces urea
involves removing an amine group from an amino acid
oxidative deamination is a chemical process in which
a. protein is synthesized
b. amino acids are buffered in the kidney
c. the amine group is removed from an amino acid
d. fatty acids are broken down to yield acetyl CoA
e. glutamic acid is produced
the amine group is removed from an amino acid
when the amine (NH2) group is stripped off of an amino acid, the amine group is converted to
a. lactic acid
b. glucose
c. ammonia
d. glycerol
e. urea
ammonia
arrange the following in correct sequence
1. ammonia is converted to urea in the liver
2. oxidative deamination of an amino acid
3. urea is eliminated by the kidney
4. ammonia and keto acids are formed
a. 1,3,4,2
b. 2,4,1,3
c. 3,1,4,2
d. 4,1,3,2
e. 2,3,1,4
2,4,1,3
what amino acid is usually formed from the transamination of another amino acid
a. serine
b. glycine
c. aspartic acid
d. glutamic acid
glutamic acid
what is the glutamic acid made from transamination used for
a. it enters the citric acid cycle
b. it is used to make other nonessential amino acids
c. it is used to produce ATP
d. none of the above
it is used to make other nonessential amino acids
which of the following is/are possible uses of amino acids in energy production
a. forming a ketoacid that can enter the citric acid cycle
b. forming intermediate molecules of carbohydrte metabolism
c. forming NADH that enters the electron-transport chain
d. all of the above
all of the above
what process prepares glutamic acid for use in energy production
a. transamination
b. oxidative deamination
c. protein synthesis
d. ketogenesis
oxidative deamination
the formation of glycogen from glucose is called
a. glycolysis
b. glycogenesis
c. glycogenolysis
d. gluconeogenesis
e. glucogenesis
glycogenesis
the process that uses amino acids and glycerol to form glucose is
a. ketogenesis
b. glycogenesis
c. lipogenesis
d. gluconeogenesis
e. glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids can be metabolized within the cell to liberate
a. oxygen
b. energy
c. carbon dioxide
d. hydrogen
e. nitrogen
energy
there is a need for glucose in the body. which of the following reactions will yield glucose directly
a. beta oxidation
b. glycogenolysis
c. glycolysis
d. deamination
e. glucogenesis
glycogenolysis
why is it important that glucose be converted to glucose-6-phosphate once glucose enters a cell
a. this form is easier for cells to metabolize
b. glucose can’t diffuse out of the cell if it is in this form
c. the cells can easily excrete this molecule
d. it becomes a long-term storage molecule for glucose
e. it can now cross the plasma membrane
glucose can’t diffuse out of the cell if it is in this form
which of the following events takes place during the absorptive state
a. protein is converted into glucose in the process of deamination
b. glucose is converted into energy, glycogen, or fats
c. ketones are produced from fatty acids
d. fats are converte into glucose via beta oxidation
e. glycogen is converted to glucose
glucose is converted into energy, glycogen, or fats
the absorptive state
a. occurs immediately to about 4 hours after meals
b. is when glycogenolysis usually occurs
c. has gluconeogenesis as one of its main events
d. occurs in the large intestine
e. occurs just before breakfast
occurs immediately to about 4 hours after meals
arrange the following events so that they indicate a possible metabolic sequence the body might use to interconvert a protein to a fat
1. glycerol and three fatty acids combine to form triglycerides
2. fatty acids are formed from acetyl CoA
3. protein is digested to release amino acids
4. amino acids are converted to acetyl CoA
a. 2,3,4,1
b. 3,4,2,1
c. 4,2,3,1
d. 2,4,3,1
e. 4,3,2,1
3,4,2,1
during the postabsorptive state, the first source of glucose is
a. fat
b. sugars
c. glycogen
d. amino acids
e. carbohydrates
glycogen
the evens that occur in the postabsorptive state collectively
a. decrease fat metabolism
b. maintain blood glucose levels
c. interconvert proteins to fats
d. asure adequate lipogenesis
e. maintain protein levels
maintain blood glucose levels
which of the following is least likely to occur late in the postabsorptive state
a. hydrolysis of triglycerides
b. use of acetyl-CoA and ketones for energy
c. formation of glycogen
d. use of proteins as an energy source
e. reduced removal of glucose from the blood
formation of glycogen
metabolic rate is the total amount of
a. glucose absorbed by the small intestine each hour
b. heat produced by body cells in an hour
c. energy produced and used by the body per unit of time
d. carbon dioxide exhaled per unit of time
e. kcal consumed
energy producd and used by the body per unit of time
if a person cuts their daily caloric intake by 500 kcal, how long will it take to lose 1 lb of fat
a. 5 days
b. 1 week
c. 10 days
d. 2 weeks
e. 12 days
1 week
the BMR (basal metabolic rate) can increase
a. during fasting
b. during pregnancy
c. as a result of decreased thyroid hormone production
d. while resting instead of studying for a test
e. during dieting
during pregnancy
the energy cost for assimilation of food is called
a. the theric effect of food
b. the basal metabolic rate
c. the caloric intake
d. homeothermy
e. free energy
the thermic effect of food
which of the following will increase metabolic rate
a. exercise
b. fasting
c. malnutrition
d. reduced caloric intake
e. dieting
exercise
which of the following has the highest basal metabolic rate
a. older individuals
b. young, active males
c. middle age females
d. young, active females
e. they all have the same rates
young, active males
if energy intake is greater than energy output, an individual will tend to
a. gain weight
b. lose weight
c. neither gain nor lose weight
gain weight
total energy expenditure is estimated from
a. basal metobolic rate
b. thermic effect of food
c. physical activity
d. basal metabolic rate and physical activity
e. basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, and physical activity
basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, and physical activity
which of the following events would occur when the environmental temperature is considerably lower than body temperature?
a. sweating
b. vasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the skin
c. increased heat loss through the skin
d. decreased muscular activity to maintain heat
e. vasodilation of the blood vessels of the skin
vasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the skin
the portion of the brain that regulates body temperature is the
A. cerebral cortex.
B. hypothalamus.
C. medulla oblongata.
D. pons.
E. hypophysis.
hypothalamus.
If an increase in blood temperature were detected, one would probably observe
A. increased sweat production.
B. vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels.
C. increased muscular activity.
D. shivering.
E. decreased sweat production.
increased sweat production
which of the following is an example of convection?
A. infra-red radiation
B. sweating
C. exposure of the body to cold air
D. warming a chair by sitting in it
E. losing water to the air
exposure of the body to cold air
