ch. 24 Flashcards
which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract
a. pharynx
b. stomach
c. liver
d. large intestine
liver
which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract
a. esophagus
b. salivary glands
c. pancreas
d. gallbladder
esophagus
which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior
a. pharynx, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine
b. oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
c. stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine
d. anus, large intestine, stomach, esophagus
oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
which of the following of the organs is part of the digestive tract
a. salivary gland
b. liver
c. gallbladder
d. stomach
e. pancreas
stomach
which of the following is a function of the digestive system
a. cellular respiration
b. food selection
c. elimination of undigested food
d. regulation of blood pH
e. integration and coordination of other systems
elimination of undigested food
the movement of the food through the digestive is _______
a. segmentation
b. propulsion
c. mixing
c. mastication
propulsion
which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract
a. peristalsis
b. mass movement
c. deglutition
d. segmental contraction
segmental contraction
a mixing contraction in the small intestine is called
a. peristalsis
b. segmental contraction
c. deglutition
d. mass movement
segmental contraction
the movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is
a. secretion
b. peristalsis
c. chemical digestion
d. absorption
absorption
which digestive activity is NOT correctly matched to its location
a. killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach
b. digestion of carbs - mouth
c. absorption of nutrients - small intestine
d. production of mucus - esophagus
killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach
which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach
a. storgge
b. protein digestion
c. absorption of aspirin
d. segmental contraction
segmental contraction
which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine
a. mastication of food
b. absorption of nutrients
c. complete digestion of food
d. mixing by segmental contractions
mastication of food
arrange the following in proper sequence as they occur first in the body
1. digestion
2. elimination
3. ingestion
4. absorption
a. 3,4,2,1
b. 1,4,3,2
c. 4,1,2,3,
d. 3,4,1,2
e. 3,1,4,2
3,1,4,2
diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in
a. mastication of food
b. absorption of food
d. elimination of undigested food
d. propulsion of food throught the digestive tract
e. mixing of food
absorption of food
which of the following occurs in the large intestine
a. chemical digestion
b. mass movements
c. mastication
d. mixing waves
e. neutralization
mass movements
in order to remove a tumor in the muscular tunic of the stomach, a surgeon must cut through the ______
a. lamina propria
b. submucosa
c. serosa
d. mucosa
serosa
the muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is
a. skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine
b. the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries
c. in direct contact with the food that is consumed
d. composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers
e. connective tissue and the peritoneum
composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers
the enteric pluxus
a. is found in the mucosa
b. consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus
c. contains sympathetic neurons and fibers
d. controls movemtn and secretion of the digestive tract
e. is a valve in the GI tract
controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract
which layer of teh digestive tract is in direct contact with ingested food
a. mucosa
b. mucularis
c. submucosa
d. serosa
mucosa
which of the following is correctly matched
a. mucosa - controls peristalsis
b. serosa - contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels
c. submucosa - lamina propria
d. serosa - increased surface area
e. muscularis - responsible for peristalsis
muscularis - responsible for peristalsis
the myenteric plexus is found in the _______ of the digestive tract wall
a. mucosa
b. serosa
c. submucosa
d. muscularis
e. adventitia
muscularis
the enteric plexus
a. is found in the mucosa
b. consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus
c. helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract
d. contains parasympathetic neurons
e. both c and d
both c and d
beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is
a. submucosa, serous membrane, muscularis
b. muscularis, lamina propria, submucosa, mucosa
c. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
d. peritoneum, submucosa, mucosa, lamina propria
e. submucosa, mucosa, adventitia, muscularis
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
what is the function of interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus
a. chemorecptors that detect the chemical composition of food
b. production of mucus for lubrication and protection
c. pacemaker cells that promote rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle
d. release of enzymes for chemical digestion
pacemaker cells that promote rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle
secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in
a. liquefying and digesting the food
b. vitamin A and D production and storage
c. distribution of nutrients throughout the body
d. insulin production
e. bile production
liquefying and digesting the food
what is the function of enteric sensory neurons
a. detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents
b. stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction in the digestive tract
c. stimulate or inhibit glandular secretion in the digestive tract
d. detect stretch of the digestive tract wall
e. both a and d
both a and d
parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract through the _____ nerve
a. gastric
b. cardiac
c. vagus
d. accessory
vagus
true or false the enteric nervous system acts independently of the CNS to control local reflexes in the digestive tract
true
which disease is caused by the absence of enteric neurons in the distal large intestine
a. Hirschsprung disease
b. multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2
c. spactic colon
d. gastroenteritis
hirschsprung disease
what are the two major neurotransmitters of the enteric nervous system
a. epinephrine and serotonin
b. epinephrine and norepinephrine
c. acetylcholine and epinephrine
d. norepinephrine and acetylcholine
norepinephrine and acetylcholine
the role of acetylcholine in the digestive tract is to _____, while the role of norepinephrine is to _____
a. stimulate; stimulate
b. stimulate; inhibit
c. inhibit; inhibit
d. inhibit; stimulate
stimulate; inhibit
what is the role of serotonin in the digestive tract
a. decrease nausea
b. stimulate motility
c. hormone release
d. inhibit motility
stimulate motility
the abbominal cavity is lined with _____
a. the omental bursa
b. mesenteries
c. the greater omentum
d. parietal peritoneum
e. superficial fascia
parietal peritoneum
which of the following organs is retroperitoneal
a. pancreas
b. ascending colon
c. duodenum
d. descending colon
a. all of the above
all of the above
abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be _____
a. retroperitoneal
b. antiperitoneal
c. falciperitoneal
d. hyperperitoneal
e. mesoperitoneal
retroperitoneal
a large amount of adipose tissue accumulates in the _____
a. greater omentum
b. lesser omentum
c. coronary ligament
d. sigmoid mesocolon
e. visceral peritoneum
greater omentum
a man had a gunshot wound in his abdomen. the bullet passed through his anterior body and lodged inside the transverse colon. which layers did the bullet pass through to arrive at the location
1. parietal peritoneum
2. visceral peritoneum
a. 1,2
b. 1,2,1,2
c. 1,2,2,1
d. 1,2,2,2
e. 2,1,1,1
1,2,2,2
which of the following attaces the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
a. greater omentum
b. lesser omentum
c. transverse mesocolon
d. falciform ligament
e. round ligament
falciform ligament
the oral cavity
a. opens into the nasopharynx
b. directly connects the esophagus
c. contains the parotid salivary glands
d. has boundaries that include the lips, palate, and cheeks
e. is lined with cuboidal epithelium
has boundaries that include the lips, palate, and cheeks
the lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in _____
a. speech and swallowing
b. mastication, speech, and swallowing
c. mastication and swallowing
d. mastication and sense of taste
e. deflutition and peristalsis
mastication, speech, and swallowing
the tongue
a. secretes saliva
b. plays a major role in swallowing
c. contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues
d. is attached to the hard palate
e .functions in deglutition apnea
plays a major role in swallowing
which of the following is associated with the tongue
a. uvula
b. constrictor muscles
c. papillae and taste buds
d. periodontal ligament
e. fauces
papillae and taste buds
what muscle forms the lips
a. buccinator muscle
b. orbicularis
c. orbicularis oris muscle
d. labial frenulum muscle
orbicularis oris muscle
what muscle forms the cheek
a. buccinator
b. orbicularis oculi
c. orbicularis oris
d. zygomaticus
buccinator
which of the following would inhibit normal movements of the tongue
a. swollen lips
b. lingual frenulum extending to tip of tongue
c. decrease in number of taste buds
d. loss of all teeth
e. swollen tonsils
lingual frenulum extending to tip of tongue
lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue
a. are more easily swallowed
b. can be detected by taste buds
c. are quickly dissolved and absorbed
d. are then easy to chew
e. are not readily absorbed
are quickly dissolved and absorbed
a swollen uvula might interfere with which of the following
a. mastication
b. deglutition and breathing
c. chemical digestion
d. olfaction
deglutition and breathing
what is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
a. sticking the tongue out
b. moving the tongue side to side
c. changing the tongue shape during swallowing
d. retracting the tongue
changing the tongue shape during swallowing
which of the following is NOT a necessary function of the tongue
a. swallowing
b. chewing
c. taste
d. speech
speech
which of the following pairs describing structures of teeth is mismatched
a. crown - enamel
b. root - root canal
c. alveoli - periodontal ligament
d. pulp cavity - cementum
e. apical foramen - blood supply
pulp cavity - cementum
teeth in adults
a. are replaced by osteoblast activity if they are extracted
b. are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw
c. are all of the same type - molars
d. are composed of living cells called enamel cells
e. do not play a role in speech
are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw
the _____ helps hold a tooth in its socket
a. crown
b. pulp cavity
c. periodontal ligament
e. alveoli
periodontal ligament
inflammation of the gums is called
a. dental caries
b. pyorrhea
c. halitosis
d. gingivitis
gingivitis
which of the following is NOT a muscle of mastication
a. temporalis
b. masseter
c. medial and lateral pterygoids
d. buccinator
buccinator
saliva
a. is produced only when there is food in the mouth
b. increases ulceration in the mouth
c. is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth
d. moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth
e. does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth
moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth
the salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the ____ glands
a. parotid
b. sublingual
c. submandibular
d. labial
e. lacrimal
submandibular
the salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the ______ glands
a. parotid
b. submandibular
c. buccal
d. labial
e. sublingual
parotid
which of the following components of saliva is mismatched with its function
a. mucin - lubricant
b. lysozyme - antibacterial properties
c. bicarbonate - neutralizes acid
d. IgA - prevents infection
e. salivary amylase - begins protein digestion
salivary amylase - begins protein digestion (it begins starch digestion)
the digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are
a. flushing and protein digestion
b. swallowing and lipid digestion
c. peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion
d. moistening and starch digestion
e. none of the above
moistening and starch digestion
salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the
a. facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
b. vagus nerve
c. taste centers of the medulla
d. intercostal nerves
e. trigeminal nerve
facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
how much saliva is generally produced each day
a. 0.5 - 1L
b. 1 - 1.5L
c. 2 - 3L
d. 4 - 5L
1 - 1.5L
mastication
a. increases the surface area of food particles
b. decreases the efficiency of digestion
c. occurs in both the mouth and stomach
d. is never under voluntary control
e. decreases the surface area of food particles
increases the surface area of food particles
which part of the pharyx is NOT involved with food transport
a. nasopharynx
b. oropharynx
c. laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the
a. epiglottis
b. palatine tonsils
c. tongue
d. soft palate
e. hard palate
soft palate
the epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during the _____ phase of swallowing
a. voluntary
b. pharyngeal
c. esophageal
d. gastric
e. oral
pharyngeal
which structure moves food from the pharynx to the stomach
a. larynx
b. laryngopharynx
c. esophagus
d. epiglottis
esophagus
how does the muscularis layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract
a. it is all skeletal muscle
b. the superior part is skeletal muscle
c. the inferior part is skeletal muscle
d. it has alternating smooth and skeletal muscle sections
the superior part is skeletal muscle
why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle
a. the first phase of swallowing is under involuntary control
b. the second phase of swalling is under voluntary control
c. the first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control
d. the second phase of swallowing is under involuntary control
the first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control
which of the following is the correct order for the phases of deglutition
a. pharyngeal, voluntary, esophageal
b. esophageal, pharyngeal, voluntary
c. voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
d. voluntary, esophageal, pharyngeal
voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
which of the followng statements regarding swallowing is true
a. the voluntary phase begins n the pharynx
b. in the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx
c. the uvula rises during esophageal phase
d. perstalsis occurs in all phases of swallowing
e. breathing occurs during swallowing
in the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx
what moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition
a. pharyngeal constriction
b. peristalsis
c. the tongue
d. segmentation
peristalsis
what prevents the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition
a. epiglottis
b. uvula
c. tongue
d. upper esophageal spincter
epiglottis
which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid
a. laryngeal costriction forces liquid through the pharynx
b. relaxation of the soft palate allows liquid to enter the nasal cavity
c. the tongue might be swallowed
d. nothing; swallowing will be normal
e. peristalsis will not begin
relaxation of the soft palate allows liquid to enter the nasal cavity
the portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the
a. nasopharynx
b. oropharynx
c. laryngopharynx
d. esophagus
e. larynx
oropharnyx
the esophagus
a. extends from the fauces to the stomach
b. has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing
c. produces two enzymes that digest proteins
d. has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food
e. has thin walls of connective tissue
has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food
which of the following cell typles of the stomach is correctly matched with its function
a. mucous cells - produce intrinsic factor
b. parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid
c. chief cells - produce mucus
d. endocrine cells - produce enzymes
e. chief cells - produce hormones
parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid
which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description
a. body - portion closest to the esophagus
b. pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach
c. fundus - opening from the stomach into the duodenum
d. cardiac region - the largest portion of the stomach
e. pyloric opening - opening from the esophagus
pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach
inflammation of the stomach mucosa in the area superior to the pyloric spincter is most appropriately referred to as _____
a. esophagitis
b. a duodenal ulcer
c. a hiatal hernia
d. gastric ulcer
e. indigestion
gastric ulcer
reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of
a. relaxation of the cardiac spincter
b. contraction of the pyloric spincter
c. spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall
d. increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells
e. increased amounts of mucus produced by the stomach
relaxation of the cardiac spincter
inability of the pyloric spincter to open would prevent
a. food from entering the stomach
b. stomach acid from being released
c. digestive enzymes from being released
d. food from entering the small intestin
e. the making of chyme
food from entering the small intestine
which of the following are secreted by the stomach
a. amylase and lipase
b. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor
c. bile and lipase
d. trypsin and amylase
e. bicarbonate and secretin
pepsinogen and intrinsic factor
which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure
a. muscularis - two layers; both circular
b. rugae - folds of mucosa and submucosa
c. mucosa - gastric glands
d. gastric pits - open onto surface of stomach mucosa
e. lining - simple columnar epithelium
muscularis - two layers; both circular
why doesn’t the stomach digest itself
a. the stomach wall lacks proteins so enzymes won’t attack it
b. the digestive enzymes in the stomach aren’t efficient enough
c. the stomach lining is too tough to be digested
d. the stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus
e. the stomach is protected by HCl
the stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus
intrinsic factor
a. increases gastric motility
b. causes the release of stomach acid
c. facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12
d. protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid
e. stimulates the synthesis DNA
facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12
which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach
a. activation of salivary amylase
b. enhanved carbohydrate digestion
c. proper environment for functioning of pepsin
d. protein synthesis
e. lipid digestion
proper environment for functioning of pepsin
the formation of HCl in the stomach involves the
a. active transport of H+ from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach
b. exchange of Na+ for H+ in the transport process
c. active transport of Cl- from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach
d. exchange of Na+ and bicarbonate ions
e. the combination of CO2 and water
active transport of H+ from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach
assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. which of the following would be consistent with inserting a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat
1. decreased gastric acid secretion
2. increased bile production
3. increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion
4. increased secretin and cholecystokinin
a. 1,2,3,4
b. 1,2,3
c. 2,3,4
d. 1,3,4
e. 1,2,4
1,2,3,4
pepsinogen
a. is secreted by parietal cells
b. is activated by salivary amylase in swallowed food
c. is packaged in zymogen granules
d. operates optimally at a pH of 5 or more
e. helps to form peptide bonds
is packaged in zymogen granules
anticipation of eating food causes an increasse in secretion of gastric juice. this phase of gastric secretion is called the ______ phase
a. cephalic
b. gastric
c. intestinal
d. pancreatic
e. conscious
cephalic
the gastric phase of gastric secretion
a. decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach
b. is triggered by taste, sight, thought, or smell of food
c. is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerves
d. leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion
e. leads to the least volume of gastric secretion
leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion
the distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the ____ phase of gastric secretion
a. cephalic
b. gastric
c. intestinal
d. cystic
e. hepatic
gastric
the intestinal phase of gastric secretion
a. is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum
b. leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal pH falls below 2
c. only stimulates gastric secretion
d. will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum
e. is controlled by the entrance of alkaline material into the small intestines
is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum
which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility
a. vagal stimulation
b. chewing and swallowing food
c. cholecystokinin (CCK)
d. gastrin
e. large amounts of fiber in the diet
cholecystokinin (CCK)
which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion
a. acidic chyme in duodenum
b. secretin
c. gastrin
d. cholecystokinin
e. pepsin
gastrin
fatty acids and certain lipids in duodenum initiate the release of _____
a. secretin and gastrin
b. cholecystokinin (CCK)
c. gastrin and histamine
d. somatostatin and CCK
e. insulin and glucagon
CCK
the enterogastric reflex can be triggered by
a. distention of the duodenal wall
b. the presense of food in the stomach
c. increased pH in the duodenum
d. the cerebral cortex
e. the hormone secretin
distention of the duodenal wall
food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called
a. bolusin
b. chyme
c. bile
d. phlegm
e. feces
chyme (key word semiliquid)
the pyloric pump
a. mixes stomach contents for digestion
b. causes hunger contractions
c. moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening
d. causes rugae to flatten
e. opens the pyloric spincter completely
moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening
duodenal gland secretion prevents
a. digestive enzyme release
b. release of bile from the liver
c. irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes
d. the release of insulin
e. peristalsis
irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes
gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer can all be caused by
a. helicobacter pylori, a bacterium
b. increased secretion of gastric bicarbonate
c. pH of the stomach contents continuously greater than 4
d. increased mucus production by the neck cells
e. none of the above
helicobacter pylori, a bacterium
enzymes secreted by the small intestine include
a. disaccharidases
b. secretin
c. cholecystokinin
d. bile
e. histamine
disaccharidases
the villi, microvilli, and plicae circularis function to
a. liberate hormones
b. promotes peristalsis
c. produce bile
d. increase surface area for absorption
e. stimulate chemical digestion
increase surface area for absorption
the hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the
a. pancreatic duct with the lacteals
b. greater duodenal papilla with the lesser duodenal papilla
c. common bile duct and pancreatic duct
d. cystic duct and interlobular duct
e. hepatic ducts and cystic ducts
common bile duct and pancreatic duct
which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli
a. submucosa
b. mucosa
c. muscularis
d. serosa
e. adventitia
mucosa
which portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach
a. jejunum
b. duodenum
c. ileum
d. common bile duct
e. hepatopancreatic ampulla
ileum
which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function
a. endocrine cells - produce mucus
b. absorptive cells - produce digestive enzymes
c. granular cells - absorb nutrients
d. goblet cells - produce hormones
e. granular cells - produce granules
absorptive cells - produce digestive enzymes (defeats the purpose)
blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent
a. pancreatic juice from entering duodenum
b. bile from entering the duodenum
c. lymph from entering the jejunum
d. chyme from entering the ileum
e. chyme from entering the large intestine
chyme from entering the large intestine
what is found in an intestinal villus
a. brush border
b. digestive enzymes
c. blood capillaries and a lacteal
d. peyer patches and a lacteal
blood capillaries and a lacteal
where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur
a. the stomach and duodenum
b. the duodedum and ileum
c. the jejunum and duodenum
d. the ileum and jejunum
the jejunum and duodenum
what is the purpose of segmental contractions of the small intestin
a. propelling the chyme forward
b. mixing of intestinal contents
c. moving intestinal contents into the colon
d. stretching the intestinal wall
mixing of intestinal contents
which of the following will stimulate intestinal motility
a. distension of the intestinal wall
b. low pH
c. presense of amino acids
d. all of the above
distension of the intestinal wall
the gallbladder
a. produces bile
b. is attached to the pancreas
c. stores bile
d. produces secretin
e. breaks down red blood cells
stores bile
the pancreatic islets
a. are found in the wall of the stomach
b. excrete mucus
c. produce digestive enzymes
d. are exocrine glands
e. are endocrine glands
are endocrine glands
which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true
a. the head of the pancreas lies in the curvatrue of the ileum
b. the pancreatic duct carries both enzymes and hormones
c. the pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes
d. the pancreas assists the stomach in the absorption of digested food
e. the pancreas digests sugar
the pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes
bile would flow directly from the
a. gallbladder into the hepatic duct
b. hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct
c. bile canaliculus into the cystic duct
d. common bile duct into the gallbladder
e. cystic duct into the hepactic ducts
hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct
arrange the ducts in the order that bilbe would pass though them when moving from the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder
1. common bile duct 2. common hepatic duct 3. cystic duct 4. left and right hepatic ducts
a. 3,4,2
b. 3,2,1
c. 4,2,1
d. 4,1,2
e. 1,4,2
4,2,1
the liver
a. has two major lobes - caudate and quadrate
b. is located on the superior suface of the diaphragm
c. is not vascular
d. is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen
e. consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes
consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes
nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the
a. hepatic artery
b. hepatic portal vein
c. hepatic vein
d. inferior vena cava
e. celiac trunk
hepatic portal vein
which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes
a. produce digestive enzymes
b. synthesize hormones
c. produce hydrochloric acid
d. synthesize bile
e. regulate pH
synthesize bile
an organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. the organ hacing this histological structure is the
a. pancreas
b. spleen
c. liver
d. stomach
e. gallbladder
liver
the hepatic sinusoids
a. transport bile
b. have phagocytic cells in their lining
c. are part of the portal triad
d. connect to the gallbladder
e. do not have a function
have phagocytic cells in their lining
bile is produced by cells of the
a. duodenum
b. liver
c. gallbladder
d. pancreas
e. hepatopancreatic ampulla
liver
damage to the liver would hamper digestion of
a. carbohydrates
b. lipids
c. proteins
d. disaccharides
e. all of the above
lipids
the liver
a. produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats
b. produces several digestive enzymes
c. stores vitamin C
d. receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein
e. cannot synthesize new molecules
produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats
bile secretion is
a. performed continuously by the liver
b. is stimulated by sympathetic nerves
c. is stimulated by decreased amounts of bile salts
d. stimulated by increased vitamin B12 storage
e. controlled by the gallbladder
performed continuously by the liver
bile
a. digests proteins in the small intestine
b. emulsifies fats in the small intestine
c. is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver
d. activates trypsin in the smal intestine
e. activates the pancreas
emulsifies fats in the small intestine
functions o fthe liver include
a. production of many blood proteins
b. interconversion of nutrients
c. detoxification of harmful chemicals
d. bile production
e. all of the above
all of the above
hepatocytes
a. phagocytize cells
b. form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D
c. convert ammonia to urea
d. remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen
e. all of the above
all of the above
which of the following is NOT part of a portal triad
a. hepatic artery
b. hepatic duct
c. hepatic portal vein
d. central vein
central vein
where does bile enter the duodenum
a. cystic duct
b. hepatopancreatic ampulla
c. hepatic duct
d. duodenal ampulla
hepatopancreatic ampulla
what connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct
a. hepatic duct
b. gallbladder duct
c. cystic duct
d. portal duct
cystic duct
what is the fuction of the gallbladder
a. produce bile
b. store bicarbonate
c. add pigment to bile
d. store and concentrate bile
store and concentrate bile
what is the main stimulus for bile secretion from the gallbladder
a. cholecystokinin (CCK)
b. vagal stimulation
c. secretin
d. large amounts of protein in the chyme
CCK
which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue
a. colon
b. liver
c. pancreas
d. gallbladder
e. spleen
pancreas
arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum
1. ascending colon
2. descending colon
3. sigmoid colon
4. transverse colon
a. 1,2,3,4
b. 1,4,2,3
c. 2,3,1,4
d. 2,4,1,3
e. 1,4,3,2
1,4,2,3
which of the following is located closest to the rectum
a. ascending colon
b. descending colon
c. transverse colon
d. sigmoic colon
e. cecum
sigmoid colon
a blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the
a. ileocecal valve
b. hepatic flexure
c. splentic flexure
d. cardiac spincter
e. gastric flexure
hepatic flexure
the longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the
a. teniae coli
b. haustra
c. coli longitudini
d. omental appendages
e. rugae
teniae coli
the major secretion of the large intestine is
a. bile
b. hormones
c. mucus
d. vitamins
e. bacteria
mucus
the anal canal
a. begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum
b. has an internal spindcter composed of smooth muscle
c. contains manyu goblet cells
d. contains tubular glands called crypts
e. has an external spincter composed of smooth muscle
has internal spincter composed of smooth muscle
which of the following apply to the small intestine
a. secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ
b. segmentation contractions occur in this organ
c. both digestion and absorption occur in this organ
d. mixing and propulsion of chyme
e. all of the above
all of the above
cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the
a. stomach
b. small intestine
c. pancreas
d. large intestine
e. liver
small intestine
which of the following is mismatched
a. segmental contractions - mix intestinal contents
b. persitaltic contractions - propel intestinal contents along GI tract
c. sympathetic nerve fibers - increase intestinal motility
d. distention of intestinal wall - increases intestinal motility
e. parasympathetic nerve fibers - stimulate secretion of pancreatic juices
sympathetic nerve fibers - increase intestinal motility
which of the following statments applies to the ileocecal sphincter
a. cecal distention enhances relaxation of this spincter
b. closure of this absorption in the small intestine
c. peristaltic contractions reaching this spincter cause it to relax
d. this spincter is usually relaxed
e. this spincter stays contracted
persitaltic contractions reaching this spincter causes it to relax
the gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone
a. secretin
b. cholecystokinin
c. gastrin
d. somatostatin
e. insulin
CCK
when chyme enters the duodenum, _____ is released and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonates
a. gastrin
b. secretin
c. insulin
d. cholecystokinin
e. glucagon
secretin
the digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is
a. gastric juice
b. biliary juice
c. salivery juice
d. pancreatic juice
e. hepatic juice
pancreatic juice
which of the following enzymes is found in inactive form in pancreatic juice
a. bile
b. trypsin
c. sucrase
d. pepsin
e. lipase
trypsin
which of the following enzymes is mismatched with its substrate
a. pepsin - protein
b. amylase - starch
c. trypsin - nucleic acids
d. lipase - fat
e. deoxyribonucleases - DNA
trypsin - nucleic acids
enterokinase
a. is a hormone
b. triggers the release of bile from the gallbladder
c. activates trypsinogen
d. increases duodenal motility
e. digests proteins
activates trypsinogen
trypsin can activate
a. pepsinogen
b. chymotrypsinogen
c. angiotensinogen
d. endopeptidase
e. lipase
chymotrypsinogen
a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is
a. ribonuclease
b. chymotrypsin
c. amylase
d. enterogastrone
e. pancreatic lipase
chymotrypsin
which of the following statements concerning CCK is correct
a. CCK stimulates relaxation of the gallbladder
b. CCK stimulates secretion of mucus by the gastric glands
c. CCK stimulates the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich solution
d. CCK stimulates the intestine to secrete trypsin
e. CCK stimulates gastric secretions
CCK stimulates the pancrease to release an enzyme-rich solution
the mucosa of the colon
a. contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells
b. exchanges Na+ for Cl-
c. actively secretes Na+ and Cl-
d. produces enzymes that complete lipid digestion
e. consists of stratified columnar epithelium
contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells
one of the major functions of the large intestine is to
a. produce vitamin C
b. regulate the release of bile
c. break down hemoglobin to release bilirubin
d. convert chyme to feces
convert chyme to feces
feces consists of
a. water
b. undigestible food
c. bacteria
d. sloughed-off epithelial cells
e. all of the above
all of the above
gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that
a. empty the stomach
b. release gastric secretions into the stomach
c. cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach
d. lead to mass movements of the colon in response to food in the duodenum
e. stop movement in the colonr
cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach
strong perstaltic contractions in the large intestine called
a. segmental contractions
b. churning contractions
c. mass movements
d. rectal propulsions
e. defecation
mass movements
the defecation reflex
a. is stimulated by distention of the rectum
b. inhibits further peristalsis in the rectum and lower colon
c. contricts the internal anal spincter
d. lasts several hours
e. none of the above
is stimulated by distention of the rectum
which of the following does NOT illustrate digestion
a. polysaccharides –> disaccharides
b. fat –> fatty acids and glycerol
c. CO2 and H2O –> carbohydrates
d. protein –> amino acids
e. disaccharides –> monosaccharides
CO2 and H2O –> carbohydrates
enzymes for the digestion of disaccharides are produced in the
a. mouth
b. stomach
c. pancreas
d. small intestine
e. liver
small intestine
insulin increases the rate of _____ transport into cells
a. sucrose
b. fructose
c. glucose
d. galactose
e. lactose
glucose
enzymes that digest carbohydrates include
a. peptidases
b. amylases, maltase, and sucrase
c. lipase
d. maltase and lipase
e. trypsin and chymotrypsin
amylase, maltase, and sucrase
monosaccharides
a. are emulsified before absorption
b. are absorbed into lacteals
c. use a symport process in their absorption
d. need vitamin C to be absorbed
e. cannot be absorbed
use a symport process in their absorption
if the thoracic duct were tied off, which of the following classes of nutrients would not enter the circulatory system at their normal rate
a. amino acids
b. glucose
c. lipids
d. disaccharides
e. monosaccharides
lipids
emulsification
a. converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets
b. occurs in the gallbladder
c. chemically digests lipids
d. increses surface area for lipid digestion
e. invovles enzymes
increases surface area for lipid digestion
small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called
a. chylomicrons
b. micelles
c. monoglycerides
d. diglycerides
e. lacteals
micelles
chylomicrons
a. are synthesized in inestinal epitheial cells
b. enter capillaries in the small intestne
c. help emulsify fats
d. are a rich source of carbohydrates
e. are synthesized in the lumen of the small intestines
are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells
arrange the following avents involving lipids in the correct order
1. absorption of lipids
2. emulsification
3. micelle formation
4. digestion of lipids
a. 1,2,3,4
b. 3,4,2,1
c. 4,1,2,3
d. 2,4,1,3
e. 2,4,3,1
2,4,3,1
in comparison to a low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a high density lipoprotein (HDL) contains
a. less lipid
b. less protein
c. more cholesterol
d. more carbohydrate
e. more amino acids
less lipid
which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol
a. LDL
b. HDL
c. VLDL
d. chylomicron
e. CDL
LDL
true or false
serum cholesterol levels are solely dependent on a person’s dietary intake of cholesterol
false
LDL’s are taken into a cell by the process of
a. simple diffusion
b. osmosis
c. receptor mediated endocytosis
d. HDL carrier molecules
e. facilitated diffusion
receptor mediated endocytosis
a cell needs a receptor in order to absorb LDL’s. a disease that interferes with the functioning of these LDL receptors would
a. increase serum cholesterol levels
b. decrease serum cholesterol levels
c. halt endocytosis
d. promote endocytosis
e. have no effect on serum cholesterol or endocytosis
increase serum cholesterol levels
which of the following enzymes digests protein
a. bile
b. pepsin
c. isomaltose
d. sucrase
e. lipase
pepsin (Protein - Pepsin)
arrange the following in order from largest to smallest
1. dipeptide
2. protein
3. amino acid
4. polypeptide
a. 3,1,4,2
b. 4,1,2,3
c. 2,4,1,3
d. 1,2,3,4
e. 2,4,3,1
2,4,1,3
which of the following is an end product of protein digestion
a. glucose
b. amino acids
c. LDL molecules
d. micelles
e. nucleic acids
amino acids
which of the following statements concerning proteins is true
a. peptidases are made in the large intestine
b. intestnal epithelial cells
absorb more dipeptides than tripeptides than single amino acids
c. the hepatic artery transports amino acids from the small intestine to the liver
d. amino acids leave intestinal epithelial cells and enter the lacteals
e. protein digestion starts in the duodenum
intestnal epithelial cells
absorb more dipeptides than tripeptides than single amino acids
when intestinal chyme is highly concentrated
a. water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine
b. water moves by osmosis from the intestinal lumen into the blood
c. water moves by endocytosis from intestinal lumen into interstitial spaceds
d. water moves by exocytosis from interstitial spaces into the stomach
e. water does not move
water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine
how are ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate transported from the intestinal lumen
a. passive transport
b. osmosis
c. diffusion
d. active transport
active transport
true or false
most of the water that enters that digestive tract is removed by the body in urine
false
which of the following are effected of affing on the digestive system
a. blood supply decreases
b. more liekly to develop ulcerations and cancers
c. enamel on theeth becomes thinner
d. all of the above
all of the above
Comparison - greater, less, equal
- pH in the stomach during digestion
- pH in the duodenum during digestion
first item is less than the second item (the pH in the stomach is (acidic) less than the pH in the duodenum during digestion)
Comparison - greater, less, equal
- number of villi in small intestine
- number of villi in large intestine
1 is greater than 2
(the number of villi in the small intestine is larger than the number of villi in the large intestine)
Comparison - greater, less, equal
- amout of bicarbonate in the aqueous component of pancreatic juice
- amount of bicarbonate in the enzymatic portion of pancreatic juice
1 is greater than 2
(there is more bicarbonate in the aqueous component of pancreatic juice than the enzymatic portion
hydrochloric acid
a. endocrine cell
b. hepatocyte
c. partietal cells
d. acinar cells
e. goblet cells
parietal cells
bile
a. endocrine cells
b. hepatocyte
c. parietal cells
d. acinar cells
e. goblet cells
hepatocyte
gastrin
a. endocrine cells
b. hepatocyte
c. parietal cells
d. acinar cells
e. goblet cells
endocrine cells
trypsin
a. endocrine cells
b. hepatocyte
c. parietal cells
d. acinar cells
e. goblet cells
acinar cells
mucus
a. endocrine cells
b. hepatocyte
c. parietal cells
d. acinar cells
e. goblet cells
goblet cells
mastication
a. movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood
b. chewing of food
c. muscular contractions that propel food
d. removal of undigested wastes from body
e. breakdown of organic molecules with digestive enzymes
chewing of food
peristalsis
a. movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood
b. chewing of food
c. muscular contractions that propel food
d. removal of undigested wastes from body
e. breakdown of organic molecules with digestive enzymes
muscular contractions that propel food
elimination
a. movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood
b. chewing of food
c. muscular contractions that propel food
d. removal of undigested wastes from body
e. breakdown of organic molecules with digestive enzymes
removal of undigested wastes from body
chemical digestion
a. movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood
b. chewing of food
c. muscular contractions that propel food
d. removal of undigested wastes from body
e. breakdown of organic molecules with digestive enzymes
breakdown of organic molecules with digestive enzymes
absorption
a. movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood
b. chewing of food
c. muscular contractions that propel food
d. removal of undigested wastes from body
e. breakdown of organic molecules with digestive enzymes
movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood
absorptive cells
a. produce hormones
b. produce mucus
c. may protect intestinal epithelium
d. synthesize bile
e. produce digestive enzymes
produce digestie enzymes
goblet cells
a. produce hormones
b. produce mucus
c. may protect intestinal epithelium
d. synthesize bile
e. produce digestive enzymes
produce mucus
granular cells
a. produce hormones
b. produce mucus
c. may protect intestinal epithelium
d. synthesize bile
e. produce digestive enzymes
may protect intestional epithelium
endocrine cells
a. produce hormones
b. produce mucus
c. may protect intestinal epithelium
d. synthesize bile
e. produce digestive enzymes
produce hormones
hepatocytes
a. produce hormones
b. produce mucus
c. may protect intestinal epithelium
d. synthesize bile
e. produce digestive enzymes
synthesize biles
lesser omentum
a. mesentery of the small intestine
b. serous membrane that covers organs
c. attaches the liver to the diaphragm
d. connects lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
e. mesentery of the colon
connects lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
transverse mesocolon
a. mesentery of the small intestine
b. serous membrane that covers organs
c. attaches the liver to the diaphragm
d. connects lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
e. mesentery of the colon
mesentery of the colon
coronary ligament
a. mesentery of the small intestine
b. serous membrane that covers organs
c. attaches the liver to the diaphragm
d. connects lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
e. mesentery of the colon
attaches the liver to the diaphragm
mesentery proper
a. mesentery of the small intestine
b. serous membrane that covers organs
c. attaches the liver to the diaphragm
d. connects lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
e. mesentery of the colon
mesentery of the small intestine
visceral peritoneum
a. mesentery of the small intestine
b. serous membrane that covers organs
c. attaches the liver to the diaphragm
d. connects lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
e. mesentery of the colon
serous membrane that covers organs
gastric lipase
a. salivary glands
b. stomach
c. liver
d. small intestine
e. pancreas
stomach
trypsin
a. salivary glands
b. stomach
c. liver
d. small intestine
e. pancreas
pancreas
pepsinogen
a. salivary glands
b. stomach
c. liver
d. small intestine
e. pancreas
stomach
lactase
a. salivary glands
b. stomach
c. liver
d. small intestine
e. pancreas
small intestine
salivary amylase
a. salivary glands
b. stomach
c. liver
d. small intestine
e. pancreas
salivary glands
carboxypeptidase
a. salivary glands
b. stomach
c. liver
d. small intestine
e. pancreas
pancreas
peptidases
a. salivary glands
b. stomach
c. liver
d. small intestine
e. pancreas
small intestine
secretin
a. salivary glands
b. stomach
c. liver
d. small intestine
e. pancreas
small intestine
CCK
a. salivary glands
b. stomach
c. liver
d. small intestine
e. pancreas
small intestine
disaccharidase
a. salivary glands
b. stomach
c. liver
d. small intestine
e. pancreas
small intestine
pancreatic lipase
a. glucose and galactose
b. amino acids
c. fatty acids and glycerol
d. maltose and isomaltose
e. polysaccharides and disaccharides
fatty acids and glycerol
salivary amylase
a. glucose and galactose
b. amino acids
c. fatty acids and glycerol
d. maltose and isomaltose
e. polysaccharides and disaccharides
polysaccharides and disaccharides
lactose
a. glucose and galactose
b. amino acids
c. fatty acids and glycerol
d. maltose and isomaltose
e. polysaccharides and disaccharides
glucose and galactose
pancreatic amylase
a. glucose and galactose
b. amino acids
c. fatty acids and glycerol
d. maltose and isomaltose
e. polysaccharides and disaccharides
maltose and isomaltose
carboxypeptidase
a. glucose and galactose
b. amino acids
c. fatty acids and glycerol
d. maltose and isomaltose
e. polysaccharides and disaccharides
amino acids
segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominantly in the
a. oral cavity
b. large intestine
c. esophagus
d. stomach
e. small intestine
small intestine
the enteric plexus is composed of the ____ and the ____
a. submucosal plexus; myenteric plexus
b. submucosal plexus; colonic plexus
c. myenteric plexus; pancreatic portal
d. submucosal plexus; pancreatic portal
e. colonic plexus; pancreatic plexus
submucosal plexus; myenteric plexus
the major types of enteric neurons include all of the following except
a. neurons that detect changes in chemical composition
b. neurons that stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contractions
c. neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons
d. neurons that suppress epithelial secretions
neurons that suppress epithelial secretions
what is ascites
a. the excess accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
b. the increased absorption of water from the chyme in the colon
c. the increased secretion of digestive enzymes due to nervous stimulation
d. the rapid elimination of feces due to toxin production
the excess accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
which of the following is not a substance found in saliva
a. hydrochloric acid
b. bicarbonate ion
c. amylase
d. mucin
e. lysozymes
hydrochloric acid
the hepatic lobule is a _____-sided structure with a/an ____ triad at each corner and central vein located in the center of each lobule
a. 6; portal
b. 5; portal
c. 6; venous
d. 5; arterial
e. 6; arterial
6; portal
true or false
CCK and the glossopharyngeal nerve stimulate the release of bile into the small intestine
false
what is the function of bicarbonate when it is secreted by the large intestine
a. it increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions
b. it aids in the digestion of proteins
c. it decreases the pH of feces, which are alkaline because of bacterial secretions
d. it aids in the digestion of cellulose
it increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions
the chemical digestion of the disaccharides occurs in the
a. small intestine
b. large intestines
c. mouth
d. stomach
e. esophagus
small intestine
the enterogastric reflex serves to
a. relax the stomach in preparation for swallowed food
b. stimulate acid and enzyme secretion when food enters the stomach
c. stimulate intestinal motility when there is food in the stomach
d. inhibit gastric motility wehn there is chyme in the small intestine
e. relax the ileocecal valve when chyme is on its way to the colon
inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine
the_____ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing ______
a. duodenum; neutral fats
b. ileum; bilirubin
c. gallbladder; cholesterol
d. pancreas; bile salts
e. liver; cholesterol
liver; cholesterol
which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH
a. salivary amylase
b. pancreatic amylase
c. pepsin
d. trypsin
e. dipeptidase
pepsin
contact digestion takes place in/at the
a. gastric pits
b. surface of the gastric mucosa
c. intestinal crypts
d. brush border of the small intestine
e. cytoplasm in the cells of the small intestine
brush border of the small intestine
which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine
a. circular folds (plicae circulares)
b. intestinal length
c. microvilli
d. villi
e. rugae
rugae (folds in the stomach)
the enzyme(s) called _____ break(s) down the substrate called _____
a. lactase; glucose
b. peptidases; proteins
c. lipases; micelles
d. lactose; lactase
e. nucleases; nucleotides
peptidases; proteins
amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the ____ and fatty acids are absorbed in the ____
a. small intestine; large intestine
b. small intestine; liver
c. stomach; small intestine
d. stomach; large intestine
e. small intestine; smaill intestine
smaill intestine; small intestine
true or false
without a properly functioning large intestion a person will have chronic diarrhea
true
sammy is a 67 y/o man that has the following digestive issues: GERD, peptic ulcers, and diarrhea. which of the following is least likely to be a consequence of sammy’s age
a. diarrhea
b. GERD
c. peptic ulcer
d. b and c
diarrhea
harrison loves to entertain his classmates with his strange talents. his newest trick is to roll his tongue into a tube shape. which muscles are important for harrison to perform this trick
a. intrinsic muscles of the tongue
b. extrinsic muscles of the tongue
c. buccinator
d. a and c
intrinsic muscles of the tongue
true or false
during mastication, food molecules are digested as the teeth break chemical bonds
false (teeth are mechanical)
oliver received a blow to the left side of his head, just anterior to his ear. which of the following digestive structures was likely affected
a. paratid salivary gland
b. submandibular salivary gland
c. pharynx
d. sublingual gland
paratid salivary gland
nancy has several dental caries on the visible surface of one of her molars. the caries have eroded through to the pulp cavity. which of the following accurately lists the layers affected by the caries
a. dentin, enamel, cementum
b. enamel, dentin
c. cementum, dentin
d. enamel only
enamel, dentin
true or false
a cracker will “melt in your mouth: becasue of the action of lingual lipase
true
if gases are released as digestion of food begins in the stomach, where is it most likely to accumulate
a. body
b. fundus
c. pyloric
d. b and c
fundus
celiac disease causes degeneration of the villi of the small intestine. what is likely affect of this degeneration
a. decrease in absorption due to reduced surface area
b. increased permeability of the lining of the digestive tract, allowing more material to move into the blood
c. lack of lipid absorption as the villi are important for lipid absorption
d. none of the above
decrease in absorption due to reduced surface area
george has to have his gallbladder removed. his friend told him he can no longer eat fats becasue he will no longer produce bile. is this an accurate description of georges future diet
a. no; the gallbladder only stores bile that is produced by the liver
b. no; bile is invovled in protein digestion only
c. yes; the gallbladder is the organ that produces bile
d. yes; bile must first be stored in the gallbladder before it is functional
no; the gallbladder only stores bile that is produced by the liver
a gallstone has completely blocked flow of bile into the small intestine. where is the stone most likely lodged
a. common bile duct
b. cystic duct
c. hepatic duct
d. pancreatic duct
common bile duct
defecation following a meal is usually the result of
a. mass movements stimulated by the gastrocolic and duodenocolic reflexes moving feces towards the rectum
b. segmentation movements stimulated by the duodenocolic reflexes
c. peristalsis in the small intestine intiated by entry of chyme into the duodenum
mass movements stimulated by the gastrocolic and duodenocolic reflexes moveing feces towards the rectum
which of the following statements concerning digestion in the stomach is not true
a. salivary amylase will eventually be inactivated in the stomach, halting carbohydrate digestion
b. gastric lipase is produced in large volumes, allowing for high levels of lipid gestion
c. proteins are digested by HCL only
d. all of the above
salivary amylase wil eventually be inactivated in the stomach, halting carbohydrate digestion
