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Botany > Ch. 24 Fungi > Flashcards

Ch. 24 Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Several characters were originally used to unite and define fungi:

A
  • complete heterotrophy with no photosynthetic stages
  • formation of spores
  • the presence of chitin in their walls
  • lack of complex bodies with organs
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2
Q

All fungi are completely ___

A

Heterotrophic

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3
Q

Fungi must obtain

A

Soluble nutrients from the environment or from living, dying, or dead organisms

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4
Q

Fungi are subdivided into three groups:

A

Biotrophs, necrotrophs, and saprotrophs

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5
Q

Biotrophs

A
  • parasites

- draw nutrients slowly from living hosts, often without killing them

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6
Q

Necrotrophs

A

Attack living hosts so virulently that they kill the hosts and then absorb released nutrients

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7
Q

Saprotrophs

A

Attack organisms after they have died from other causes

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8
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

Secrete digestive enzymes that attack host polymers, converting them to sugars, amino acids, and lipids that can be absorbed

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9
Q

Fungi, along with most bacteria, are agents of..

A

Decay, rot, spoilage, and decomposition

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10
Q

Necrotrophs secrete ___ that kill host cells

A

Toxins

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11
Q

Excessive levels of ___ are involved in many fungus-induced diseases

A

Plant hormones

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12
Q

Plant hormone may be produced and secreted by the fungus, or

A

The fungus induces the plant to produce increased levels of its own hormones

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13
Q

Many plants produce ___, lipid-like or phenolic compounds, in response to attack by fungi, bacteria, and even nematodes.

A

Phytoalexins

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14
Q

The common essential microelements are

A

Iron, zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and either calcium or strontium

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15
Q

Virtually all fungi absorb and assimilate ___

A

Ammonium

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16
Q

The bodies of all fungi, except unicellular ones, are ___

A

Filamentous

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17
Q

Hyphae

A

Individual filaments

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18
Q

Mycelium

A

Hyphae branch profusely, forming this network

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19
Q

Fungal cells are ___

A

Eukaryotic

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20
Q

The innermost cell wall later is rich in ___, which provides strength

A

Chitin

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21
Q

At one time, ___ and ___ were considered parts of the plant kingdom

A

Fungi and bacteria

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22
Q

An important aspect of hyphal walls is the nature of the ___ or __

A

Cross walls or septa

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23
Q

The primary selective advantage of septa appears to be what rather than compartmentalization of hyphae into distinct cells?

A

Damage control

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24
Q

Fungal nuclei are extremely ___

A

Small

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25
Q

___ in most species of fungi is very uniform, showing little differentiation into euchromatin and heterochromatin

A

Chromatin

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26
Q

During mitosis, the spindle forms inside the nucleus, which remains quite distinct because ..

A

The nuclear envelope does not break down as it does in plants and animals

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27
Q

During ___, the nucleus elongates and the nuclear envelope stretches

A

Anaphase

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28
Q

In some species, the nucleolus is ejected from the nuclear during ___, whereas in others, or remains intact and passes to one of the new nuclei

A

Prophase

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29
Q

In ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, but not in the other fungi, some mycelia form a large, compact, highly organized structure called a ___ which is the principle means of producing spores sexually

A

Fruiting body

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30
Q

The outermost surface hyphae are often slender and have thick walls impregnated with pigments called ___

A

Melanins

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31
Q

Within large fruiting bodies, especially bracket fungi, are three types of hyphae:

A
  • generative hyphae
  • skeletal hyphae
  • binding hyphae
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32
Q

Generative hyphae

A

Thin walled and produce spores

33
Q

Skeletal hyphae

A

Thick wall and unbranched

34
Q

Binding hyphae

A

Thick walled but are highly and irregularly branched

35
Q

A universal character of fungi is their formation of ___, resistant resting stages that are the primary means of reproduction, dispersal, and survival

A

Spores

36
Q

Spores are produced __ and ___

A

Asexually and sexually

37
Q

In zygomycetes, asexual spores are typically ___

A

Sporangiospores

38
Q

Sporangiospores

A

Spores that form inside the large swollen tip of a hypha

39
Q

In ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and deuteromycetes, asexual spores are more often produced as ___

A

Conidia

40
Q

Conidia

A

Spores that do not form inside a sporangium

41
Q

Sexual reproduction in most fungi

A

Hyphae of one mycelium fuse with hyphae of a different mycelium if the two are compatible; these are opposite mating types, designated as + and -

42
Q

Plasmogamy

A

The fusion of two hyphae

43
Q

Plasmogamy is usually not followed immediately by ___

A

Kayogamy

44
Q

Karyogamy

A

Doesn’t occur ultimately, in a special reproductive structure characteristic of each clade

45
Q

Although fungi are rather simple morphologically, they are diverse in their ___, ___, and ___.

A

Metabolism, energy, and life cycles

46
Q

Many fungi are capable of either ___ or ___ growth

A

Aerobic or anaerobic growth

47
Q

As with bacteria, some fungi are extreme ___, growing best at temperatures up to 50C but poorly at or below 20C.

A

Thermophiles

48
Q

___ fungi are those that grow best in cold conditions, in the range of -10C to -15C

A

Psychrophilous fungi

49
Q

___ fungi grow on “dry” substrates, dryness being due to no lack of water but instead to a high concentration of solute or other materials that bind waters firmly

A

Xerophilous

50
Q

___ are distinct from true fungi

A

Slime molds

51
Q

In true slime molds, the body is a large mass of ___ containing thousands of nulei, all in the same cytoplasm

A

Protoplasm

52
Q

This mass of protoplasm, called a ___, is capable of migrating over a substrate, but is so large that it is easily visible to the naked she o

A

Plasmodium

53
Q

Most ___ have chitinous walls like other fungi, but they are distinct in having ___.

A
  • Chytridiomycetes

- flagellated motile cells

54
Q

All groups are primarily ___, with most species living in streams, ponds, or lakes

A

Water molds

55
Q

___ live on various substrates, some being parasitic on other water molds and algae and others saprotrophic on dead insects and plant parts

A

Chytrids

56
Q

Zygomycetes

A
  • approx 600 described species
  • most are terrestrial and live in decaying plant and animal matter in soil or forest litter
  • mold on stale bread, Rhizopus stolonifer
  • simple mycelia composed of branched coenocytic hyphae; complex fruiting bodies were not formed
  • sexual production occurs in zygomycetes if hyphae of one individual come close to those of another of compatible mating strain
57
Q

Zygomycetes are characterized by their method of sexual reproduction, which results in..

A

A large zygosporangium with mandate dormant nuclei

58
Q

Ascomycetes

A
  • all have asci
  • thought to have evolved from a zygomycete-like ancestor
  • form ascocarp
59
Q

Asci

A

Large sac-like cells in which Karyogamy and meiosis occur and in which the resulting meiospores form

60
Q

Ascocarp

A

A rather organized, pseudo-parenchymatous fruiting body

61
Q

Ascomycetes asexual reproduction occurs by..

A

Formation of Conidia

62
Q

Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes

A

Two compatible hyphae that happen to approach each other each produce special short, multinucleate branches: ascogonium and antheridium

  • nuclei pair but do not fuse (dikaryotic)
  • no sperms, eggs, or zygotes, but syngamy, meiosis, and crossing-over do occur
63
Q

Ascocarps of three types:

A
  • the cleistothecium is spherical with no opening; spores are released upon decay
  • a perithecium is a flask-shaped ascocarp that releases ascospores through a narrow opening
  • apothecia are disk or saucer shaped
64
Q

Basidiomycetes

A

Mushrooms, puffballs, and bracket fungi

- delimited by a synapomorphy, the basidium

65
Q

Basidium

A

Terminal cell of a reproductive hypha of a basidiomycete; in it, the two compatible nuclei fuse and then immodestly undergo meiosis and crossing-over

66
Q

Basidiospores do not form inside the basidium, however; instead four tiny projections form, called ___

A

Sterigmata

67
Q

Imperfect fungi

A
  • deuteromycetes
  • able to persist indefinitely using only asexual means of propagation
  • artificial classification
68
Q

____ has made it possible to examine the structure of their septa

A

Electron microscopy

69
Q

Lichens

A

Association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium

- symbiotic

70
Q

Symbiotic relationship

A

Each organism benefits

71
Q

Soredia

A

Small masses of hyphae and autotrophic cells

72
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Symbiotic association of roots and soil fungi

73
Q

Fungus-plant association occurring in orchids

A

Appears as if the orchid is parasitizing the fungus because the fungi are capable of living freely without the orchid

74
Q

Fungi mostly interact with living plants as ____

A

Disease organisms

75
Q

Brown rot of stone fruits

A

Peaches, plums, and cherries are attacked by the ascomycete Monilinia fructicola which causes brown rot
- after Conidia germinate, hyphae invade the fruit, dissolve the middle lamella, and cause tissues to become soft and brown

76
Q

The fruit finally rots and shrivels, becoming a ___

A

Mummy

77
Q

Rusts and smuts

A
  • serious plant diseases caused by basidiomycete
  • rusts (order Uredinales)
  • smuts (order Ustilaginales)
  • can attack hosts so virulently that they kill the plant
  • most notorious species is the stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis, which occurs in many forms
78
Q

The life cycle of P. Graminis is..

A

Complex but excellent for understanding many aspects of fungal biology

  • heteroecious species
  • this life cycle has the basic features of basidiomycetes, plus some additional ones
79
Q

Heteroecious species

A

It requires two different living hosts to complete its life cycle

Botany (23 decks)

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