Ch 22- Respiratory System Flashcards
Functions of the respiratory system
gas exchange- O2 and CO2 with blood/air
Communication- speech, vocalizations
olfaction- smell
acid-base balance- pH influence of body fluids by eliminating CO2
Blood pressure regulation- synthesizes
blood and lymph flow- breathing creates pressure gradients
platelet production- made by megakaryocytes
blood filtration- lungs filter small clots
abdominal contents- breath holding assits in urination, childbirth etc
layers of respiratory membrane
-endothelium type I cells
-thin basement membrane
-capillary endothelium
-O2 coming in and CO2 exits
-type II cells- secrete macrophages
Gas exchange
pulmonary ventilation- air in and out of lungs
external respiration- gas exchange between lungs and blood
transport of gas exchange in blood
internal respiration- exchange of gases between blood and interstitial fluid
pulmonary ventilation- functions
-breathing (repetitive cycle, inhaling, exhaling)
-respiratory cycle (one complete inhale and exhale)
-quiet respiration (breathing at rest, effortless)
-forced respiration (deep, rapid, like exercise)
pulmonary ventilation- respiratory muscles
quiet resp- elasticity of lungs and thoracic cage, as muscles relax it recoils to original shape and become the size of thoracic cavity
-results in airflow out of lungs
forced resp- rectus abdominis, intercostals, lumbar, and pelvic muscles increase the pressure and pushes viscera up against diaphragm increasing thoracic pressure, forcing air out
what is valsalva maneuver
breathing technique to help expel content
-childbirth, urination, vomiting
pulmonary ventilation- respiratory cycle
-at rest, atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressures are equal , no airlfow
-in inspiration, thoracic expands, intrapulmonary drops below atmospheric pressure and air flows in lungs
-in expiration, thoracic contracts, intra pressure rises above atm pressure and air flows out of lungs
pulmonary ventilation- resp control center in CNS
-unconscious breathing is controlled by resp centers in medulla and pons
-two resp centers in the medulla:
-VRG-primary generator of rhythm, signlas to spine, diaphragm and intercostals
-DRG- modifies rate and depth of
breathing, chemo, irriat and stretch receptors,
-one pair in pons:
PRG- modifies resp rate, sleep, exercise, coughing, talking
pulmonary ventilation- central and peripheral chemoreceptors and respiration
central chemo:
-pH- most important factor for regulation of breathing
-CO2
-peripheral: CO2, H+, O2
pulmonary ventilation- Pneumothorax
-presence of air in pleural cavity (cavity between lungs and thoracic with fluid )
-thoracic wall punctured
-air sucks though, becomes air filled cavity, allows lungs to recoil and collapse
pulmonary ventilation- atelectasis
collapsed part of all of lung
pulmonary ventilation- resistance to airflow
-increasing resistance and decreasing airflow
two factors influencing airway resistance:
-diameter of bronchioles: resistance increases during smaller tubles, dilation and constriction
-pulmonary compliance: ease for lungs to expand by change of volume from pressure change
pulmonary ventilation- surfactant and IRDS
-S: In your lungs, there are tiny air sacs called alveoli where oxygen gets into your blood.
Inside those sacs, there’s a bit of water, and water tends to stick together because of something called hydrogen bonds—this can make the sacs collapse so aveolar type II cells make surfactant which breaks up those sticky water bonds, making it easier for the air sacs to stay open. This lowers the surface tension
In premature babies, they might not make enough surfactant yet, so their lungs can have a hard time staying open. This is called Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS). Doctors treat them by giving artificial surfactant until their lungs are ready to make their own.
-IRDS: premature babies lacking surfactant making it harder for them to breathe so they re treated with artificial surfactant until they can make there own
Pulmonary Ventilation- Dalton’s law
total atm is the sum of all indiv gases (partial pressure)
-GO OVER SLIDES
External Respiration (AGE)- functions to swap across membrane in lungs
-the swapping of O2 and CO2 across the resp membrane
-for O2 to get in blood, it must dissolve in water and pass through the resp membrane and into bloodstream
-for CO2 to leave the blood, it must pass the other way and then diffuse out of the water into the alveolar air
Gas transport- Chem Equation
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3= H+ + HCO3-
Pulmonary Ventilation- Boyles Law
-inc in vol, dec in pressure
-dec in vol, inc in pressure
External Respiration (AGE)- Composition Air
-78 % N
-20% O
-0.04% CO2
-0-4% water vapor
-minor gases
External Respiration (AGE)- Henrys Law
-moves down the gradient until the partial pressure of the air equals a partial pressure of the water
-gases move from high to low pressure that’s why oxygen goes into the blood cause there’s more of it in the air and CO2 leaves the blood because there’s more of it in the blood than the air
-each gas mixture behaves independently
External Respiration (AGE)- Alveolar Gas exchange
-CO2 more soluble in H2O then O2
-pressure gradient: O2 has a bigger change then CO2
-equal amount of O2 and CO2 are exchanged across the membrane, CO2 diffuses more rapidly
-membrane thickness so gases have farther to travel
External Respiration (AGE)- Ventilation perfusion coupling
-air and blood flow are matched to each other
-requires good ventilation and perfusion of the capillaries
-pulmonary blood vessels change diameter depending on air flow
-for both: inc of airflow inc the blood flow and dec of air flow dec the blood flow
How to Gas Transport/travel around in blood body
the process of carrying gases from alveoli to systemic and vis versa
-O2 mostly transported by hemoglobin from lungs to body
-CO2 mostly transported from bicarbonate ions from body to lungs
gas exchange- oxygen
-arterial blood carries O2 in hemoglobin
-four globin portions, each binds one O2 to iron
-can carry up to 4 O2 each
-oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)- O2 bound to hemoglobin
-deoxyhemoglobin(HHb)- hemoglobin with no O2
gas exchange- Carbon Dioxide
transported in three ways:
-freely as a gas (7%)
- turned into carbonic acid dissolved in plasma (70%) (bicarbonate)
-sticks to proteins (amino acids) to form carbaminohemoglobin (23%)
-does not compete with O2
