Ch. 22 Lymphatic System Flashcards
What is a pathogen?
A disease-causing organism
What is the lymphatic system?
The cells, tissues, and organs responsible for defending the body
What are the primary cells of the lymphatic system?
Lymphocytes
What are lymphocytes vital to?
The body’s ability to resist or overcome infection and disease
Define immunity
The ability to resist infection and disease
All the cells and tissues involved in producing immunity are part of the ____ ____
Immune system
What is the immune system?
A functional system that includes parts of the integumentary, skeletal, lymphatic, cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems
How do vaccines work?
A vaccine, containing weakened or dead forms of the infecting microbe is administered. The antigens are not virulent enough to cause the disease, but they provoke the adaptive immune response in the body. This immune response involves B cells that differentiate into plasma cells and make antibodies. It also involves cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. Regulatory T cells moderate the immune response. Memory T cells and memory B cells help the body remember the antigen so when the protected person is exposed to the real disease, a strong secondary immune response occurs
What forms of the virus are vaccines given as?
Some vaccines are given as live, attenuated (greatly weakened) forms of a virus. Others are given as inactivated antigens, made from small pieces of killed bacteria. Some require booster shots to boost the secondary immune response and keep immune memory alive
What is “herd” immunity?
Herd immunity, or community immunity, is when a large part of the population of an area is immune to a specific disease. If enough people are resistant to the cause of a disease, such as a virus or bacteria, it has nowhere to go. While not every single individual may be immune, the group as a whole has protection.
Is immunity to chickenpox, developed after vaccination, innate immunity, or adaptive immunity? Why?
Innate immunity is genetically determined and present at birth. For example, skin and mucous membranes provide an innate physical and chemical barrier to infecting organisms. All humans are susceptible to chickenpox, an infectious disease. The immunity developed after a chickenpox vaccination is artificially acquired adaptive immunity, developed to a specific antigen, the varicella- zoster virus (VZV).
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
- Lymph
- A network of lymphatic vessels
- An array of lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs
- Lymphoid cells
Define lymph
Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels
Where does lymphatic vessels begin and connect to?
Begin in peripheral tissues and connect to veins
What do lymphoid cells include?
Lymphocytes and smaller numbers of phagocytes and other cells
What are primary lymphoid tissues and organs?
Sites where lymphocytes are formed and mature
What does primary lymphoid tissues and organs include?
Red bone marrow and the thymus
What is red bone marrow?
Where other defense cells, the monocytes and macrophages, are also formed
What is activated in secondary lymphoid tissues and organs?
Lymphocytes
What does secondary lymphoid tissues and organs include?
The tonsils, MALT, lymph nodes, and the spleen
What does MALT stand for?
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
To produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes and other lymphoid cells that provide defense against infections and foreign substances. It also helps maintain blood volume.
What do lymphocytes do?
To provide an effective defense, lymphocytes must detect problems, and they must be able to reach the site of injury or infection. Lymphocytes and other cells circulate within the blood. They are able to enter or leave the capillaries that supply most of the body’s tissues
Capillaries normally deliver more fluid to _____ _____ than they carry away
Peripheral tissues