Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 2 > Ch. 22 Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Ch. 22 Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease-causing organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

The cells, tissues, and organs responsible for defending the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the primary cells of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are lymphocytes vital to?

A

The body’s ability to resist or overcome infection and disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define immunity

A

The ability to resist infection and disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

All the cells and tissues involved in producing immunity are part of the ____ ____

A

Immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the immune system?

A

A functional system that includes parts of the integumentary, skeletal, lymphatic, cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

A vaccine, containing weakened or dead forms of the infecting microbe is administered. The antigens are not virulent enough to cause the disease, but they provoke the adaptive immune response in the body. This immune response involves B cells that differentiate into plasma cells and make antibodies. It also involves cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. Regulatory T cells moderate the immune response. Memory T cells and memory B cells help the body remember the antigen so when the protected person is exposed to the real disease, a strong secondary immune response occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What forms of the virus are vaccines given as?

A

Some vaccines are given as live, attenuated (greatly weakened) forms of a virus. Others are given as inactivated antigens, made from small pieces of killed bacteria. Some require booster shots to boost the secondary immune response and keep immune memory alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is “herd” immunity?

A

Herd immunity, or community immunity, is when a large part of the population of an area is immune to a specific disease. If enough people are resistant to the cause of a disease, such as a virus or bacteria, it has nowhere to go. While not every single individual may be immune, the group as a whole has protection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is immunity to chickenpox, developed after vaccination, innate immunity, or adaptive immunity? Why?

A

Innate immunity is genetically determined and present at birth. For example, skin and mucous membranes provide an innate physical and chemical barrier to infecting organisms. All humans are susceptible to chickenpox, an infectious disease. The immunity developed after a chickenpox vaccination is artificially acquired adaptive immunity, developed to a specific antigen, the varicella- zoster virus (VZV).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A
  • Lymph
  • A network of lymphatic vessels
  • An array of lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs
  • Lymphoid cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define lymph

A

Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does lymphatic vessels begin and connect to?

A

Begin in peripheral tissues and connect to veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do lymphoid cells include?

A

Lymphocytes and smaller numbers of phagocytes and other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are primary lymphoid tissues and organs?

A

Sites where lymphocytes are formed and mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does primary lymphoid tissues and organs include?

A

Red bone marrow and the thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is red bone marrow?

A

Where other defense cells, the monocytes and macrophages, are also formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is activated in secondary lymphoid tissues and organs?

A

Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does secondary lymphoid tissues and organs include?

A

The tonsils, MALT, lymph nodes, and the spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

A

To produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes and other lymphoid cells that provide defense against infections and foreign substances. It also helps maintain blood volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

To provide an effective defense, lymphocytes must detect problems, and they must be able to reach the site of injury or infection. Lymphocytes and other cells circulate within the blood. They are able to enter or leave the capillaries that supply most of the body’s tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Capillaries normally deliver more fluid to _____ _____ than they carry away

A

Peripheral tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where does the excess fluid delivered by capillaries to peripheral tissues go?

A

The bloodstream through lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The continuous circulation of extracellular fluid helps…?

A
  • Transport lymphocytes and WBCs from one organ to another
  • To maintain normal blood volume
  • Eliminate local variations in the composition of the interstitial fluid by distributing hormones, nutrients, and wastes from their tissues of origin to the general circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do lymphatic vessels do?

A

Carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the pathway of lymph?

A

First enters lymphatic capillaries and then drains into larger major lymph-collecting vessels, known as trunks and ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the lymphatic network begin with?

A

Lymphatic capillaries, which branch through peripheral tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

A
  • They are closed at one end rather than forming continuous tubes
  • Have larger luminal diameters
  • Have thinner walls
  • Typically have a flattened or irregular outline in sectional view
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Fluid moves from the plasma through the tissues as _____ _____, and into the lymphatic system as _____

A

Interstitial fluid

Lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries lined by?

A

Endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries either missing or are incomplete?

A

The basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How are the endothelial cells of a lymphatic capillary structured?

A

They are not bound together, but they do overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In lymphatic capillaries, what does the region of overlap act as?

A

A one-way valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the valve in lymphatic capillaries permit and prevent?

A

It permits fluids and solutes (including proteins) to enter, along with viruses, bacteria, and cell debris, but it prevents them from returning to the intercellular spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries present?

A

In almost every tissue and organ in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Define lacteals

A

Lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that transport lipids absorbed by the digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries absent?

A

In areas without a blood supply, such as the cornea of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

From the lymphatic capillaries, where does lymph flow?

A

Into larger lymphatic vessels that lead toward the body’s trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the structure of the walls of larger lymphatic vessels?

A

Contain three layers, comparable to veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What do small to medium-sized lymphatic vessels contain?

A

Valves which are close together and produce noticeable bulges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is unusual about the appearance of lymphatic vessels and why?

A

Lymphatic vessels have a beaded appearance due to an irregular lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the purpose of valves in lymphatic vessels?

A

They prevent the backflow of lymph within lymphatic vessels, especially in the limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is pressure like in the lymphatic system and how do valves contribute?

A

Minimal. The valves are essential to maintaining normal lymph flow toward the thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What aids lymph flow in lymphatic vessels?

A

Contractions of skeletal muscles surrounding the lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What feature do lymphatic vessels share with veins that allows lymph to flow in only one direction?

A

Valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What distinguishes lymphatic vessels from arteries and veins?

A

Differences in size, general appearance, and branching pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What color are arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels?

A

Arteries - bright red
Veins - dark red
Lymphatic vessels - pale gold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

A tissue contains many more ____ than ____, but the _____ are smaller

A

Lymphatic vessels
Veins
Lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the two sets of lymphatic vessels that collect lymph from lymphatic capillaries?

A

Superficial lymphatics

Deep lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Where are superficial lymphatics located?

A
  • In the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
  • In the areolar tissues of the mucous membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
    In the areolar tissues of the serous membranes lining the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are deep lymphatics?

A

Larger lymphatic vessels that accompany deep arteries and veins supplying skeletal muscles and other organs of the neck, limbs, and trunk, and the walls of visceral organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What converges to form lymphatic trunks?

A

Superficial lymphatics

Deep lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Where do lymphatic trunks empty into?

A

The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What does the thoracic duct do?

A

Collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and from the left side of the body superior to the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Where does the thoracic duct begin?

A

Inferior to the diaphragm at the level of vertebra L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is cisterna chyli?

A

An expended, saclike chamber at the base of the thoracic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Where does cisterna chyli receive lymph from?

A

The inferior part of the abdomen, the pelvis, and the lower limbs by way of the right and left lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Where does the thoracic duct collect lymph from and where is it emptied?

A

It collects lymph from the left bronchomediastinal trunk, the left subclavian trunk, and the left jugular trunk, and then empties into the left subclavian vein near the left internal jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Where does lymph reenter the venous circulation?

A

From the left side of the head, neck, and thorax, as well as from the entire body inferior to the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Where does the smaller right lymphatic duct collect lymph from?

A

The right side of the body superior to the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What merges to create the smaller right lymphatic duct?

A

Formed by the merging of the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks in the area near the right clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty?

A

Empties into the right subclavian vein, delivering lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Define lymphedema

A

Swelling as a result of lymphatic vessel obstruction, especially in subcutaneous tissues; large amounts of lymph accumulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What do lymphoid cells consist of?

A

Immune system cells found in lymphoid tissues and the cells that support those tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Immune system cells that function in defense include _____ and _____

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Immune system phagocytes include ____ and ____

A

Macrophages and microphages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

In lymphoid cells, what do macrophages and microphages function as?

A

A general first line of defense against pathogens (bacteria or viruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What do lymphocytes respond to?

A

Specific invading pathogens, as well as abnormal body cells and foreign proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

How do lymphocytes eliminate threats from invading pathogens?

A

Through a combination of physical and chemical attacks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Lymphocytes account for ____ of circulating lymphocytes

A

20-40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

3 classes of lymphocytes in blood

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Define lymphoid tissues

A

Connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is a lymphoid nodule?

A

Lymphocytes that are densely packed in an area of areolar tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Where do lymphoid nodules occur?

A

In the connective tissue deep to the epithelia lining the respiratory tract, where they are known as tonsils, and along the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Also found within more complex lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes or the spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is the central zone called in a nodule, and what does it contain?

A

A germinal center, which contains dividing lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What are the tonsils?

A

Large lymphoid nodules in the walls of the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Name the 5 tonsils

A

A single pharyngeal tonsil
Left and right palatine tonsils
A pair of lingual tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

When are lingual tonsils visible?

A

When they become infected and swollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

An inflammation of the tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Which tonsils are typically affected by tonsillitis?

A

The palatine tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

When do tonsils reach their largest size?

A

Puberty, then they begin to atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is MALT?

A

The collection of lymphoid tissues that protect the epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Define aggregated lymphoid nodules

A

Clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Define appendix

A

A tube-shaped sac opening into the junction between the small and large intestines with walls containing a mass of fused lymphoid nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What do lymphoid organs include?

A

The lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What separates lymphoid organs?

A

A fibrous connective tissue capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Where are the greatest number of lymph nodes located?

A

In the neck, axillae, and groin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What covers each lymph node?

A

A dense connective tissue capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Describe the interior of a lymph node

A

Bundles of collagen fibers extend from the capsule into the interior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Shape of a lymph node

A

Kidney beam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What are the two sets of lymphatic vessels?

A

Afferent lymphatics

Efferent lymphatics

95
Q

What do afferent lymphatics do?

A

Bring lymph to the lymph node from peripheral tissues

96
Q

What do efferent lymphatics do?

A

Carry lymph away from the lymph node and toward the venous circulation

97
Q

What happens in secondary lymphoid tissues and organs?

A

It is where lymphocytes are activated and cloned

98
Q

What do lymphatic vessels carry?

A

Lymph

99
Q

Lymph flows along a network of _____, the smallest of which are the _____

A

Lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic capillaries

100
Q

What are lymphoid cells?

A

Immune system cells found in lymphoid tissues and the cells that support these tissues

101
Q

What are immune system cells that function in defense?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

102
Q

What is the significance of where lymphoid tissues/organs are located?

A

They are distributed in areas that are vulnerable to injury or invasion

103
Q

What is a lymph node?

A

Encapsulated masses of lymphoid tissue

104
Q

What is the paracortex dominated by?

A

T cells

105
Q

What type of cell do the cortex and medulla contain?

A

B cells

106
Q

Where is the thymus found?

A

Behind the sternum, in the anterior mediastinum

107
Q

What do epithelial reticular cells regulate?

A

T cell development and function

108
Q

What does the adult spleen contain?

A

The largest mass of lymphoid tissue in the body

109
Q

What do the cellular components of the spleen form?

A

Pulp

110
Q

What does red pulp contain?

A

Large numbers of RBCs

111
Q

What does white pulp resemble?

A

Lymphoid nodules

112
Q

The lymphatic system is a major component of the body’s defenses, which are classified as either:
1
2

A
  1. Innate (nonspecific) immunity

2. Adaptive (specific) immunity

113
Q

What is innate (nonspecific) immunity?

A

Protects without distinguishing one threat from another

114
Q

What is adaptive (specific) immunity?

A

Protections against particular threats only

115
Q

What is the immune response?

A

The body’s reaction to infectious agents and other abnormal substances

116
Q

Where do lymphocytes continuously migrate?

A

Into and out of the blood through the lymphoid tissues and organs

117
Q

What is lymphocytopoiesis?

A

Lymphocyte production

118
Q

What does lymphocytopoiesis involve?

A

The red bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral lymphoid tissues

119
Q

What do innate (nonspecific) defenses do?

A

Prevent the approach, deny the entry, or limit the spread of living or nonliving hazards

120
Q

In innate defenses, what do physical barriers include?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, hair, epithelia, and various secretions of the integumentary and digestive systems

121
Q

What are the two types of phagocytes?

A

Microphages and macrophages

122
Q

What are microphages?

A

Neutrophils and eosinophils in circulating blood

123
Q

How do phagocytes leave the bloodstream?

A

By emigration - migration between adjacent endothelial cells

124
Q

What do phagocytes exhibit?

A

Chemotaxis - sensitivity and orientation to chemical stimuli

125
Q

What do NK cells attack?

A

Foreign cells
Normal cells infected with viruses
Cancer cells

126
Q

What do NK cells provide?

A

Immune surveillance

127
Q

What does immune surveillance involve?

A

Constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells that are sensitive to abnormal antigen on the surfaces of otherwise normal cells

128
Q

NK cells kill cancer cells that have ____ on their surfaces

A

tumor-specific antigens

129
Q

What are interferons?

A

Small proteins released by cells infected with viruses

130
Q

What do interferons trigger?

A

The production of antiviral proteins, which interfere with viral replication inside the cell

131
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemical messengers released by tissue cells to coordinate local activities

132
Q

What are interferons classified as?

A

Cytokines

133
Q

How many complement proteins make up the complement system?

A

30

134
Q

What do complement proteins interact with each other in cascades to do?

A

Destroy target cell walls
Enhance phagocytosis
Stimulate inflammation

135
Q

What are the 3 ways the complement system can be activated?

A

Classical pathway
Lectin pathway
Alternative pathway

136
Q

What is inflammation?

A

A localized tissue response to injury

137
Q

What is fever?

A

A body temperature greater than 37.2°C or 99°F

138
Q

What does fever do to the body?

A

Inhibit pathogens and accelerate metabolic processes

139
Q

What do pyrogens do?

A

Reset the body’s thermostat and raise the temperature

140
Q

What are T cells responsible for?

A

Cell-mediated (cellular) immunity

141
Q

What are the 4 primary types of T cells?

A

Cytotoxic
Helper
Regulatory
Memory

142
Q

What type of immunity do B cells provide?

A

Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity

143
Q

What do B cells differentiate into?

A

Plasma cells, which secrete antibodies

144
Q

What is the immune response triggered by?

A

The presence of specific antigens and includes cell-mediated and antibody-mediated defenses

145
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A

Innate immunity

Adaptive immunity

146
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A

Active immunity and passive immunity

147
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Innate (nonspecific) immunity is a type of body defense that you are born with and does not distinguish among different threats

148
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Adaptive (specific) immunity is acquired after birth and after exposure to a particular antigen

149
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Develops after exposure to an antigen

150
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Produced by transferring antibodies from another source

151
Q

What are the 2 types of active immunity?

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

Artificially acquired active immunity

152
Q

What are the 2 types of passive immunity?

A

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Artificially acquired passive immunity

153
Q

What is naturally acquired active immunity?

A

Normally begins to develop after birth

Continues to build as you encounter new pathogens or other antigens

154
Q

What is artificially acquired active immunity?

A

Stimulates the body to produce antibodies under controlled conditions so you will be able to overcome natural exposure to the pathogen in the future

155
Q

What is naturally acquired passive immunity?

A

A baby receives antibodies from the mother, either by crossing the placenta or through breast milk

156
Q

What is artificially acquired passive immunity?

A

A person receives antibodies to fight infection or prevent disease. Ex. rabies virus

157
Q

Which immunity is provided by receiving a vaccine?

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

158
Q

What are the four general properties exhibited by immunity?

A

Specificity
Versatility
Memory
Tolerance

159
Q

Why does specificity occur?

A

Because T cells and B cells respond to the molecular structure of specific antigens

160
Q

What is versatility based on?

A

The large diversity of lymphocytes in the body and from variability in the structure of synthesized antibodies

161
Q

What do memory cells enable?

A

The immune system to remember previous target antigens

162
Q

What is tolerance?

A

The ability of the immune system to ignore some antigens, such as those of normal body cells

163
Q

When does antigen presentation occur?

A

When an antigen-glycoprotein combination appears in the plasma membrane of an antigen-presenting cell (typically a macrophage or dendritic cell). T cells sensitive to this combination are activated if they contact the membrane of the antigen-presenting cell

164
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

165
Q

What is MHC?

A

A group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances

166
Q

What are APCs (antigen-presenting cells) involved in?

A

Antigen stimulation

167
Q

What do lymphocytes respond to?

A

An antigen bound to either a class I or a class II MHC protein in a process called antigen recognition

168
Q

Where are class I MHC proteins located?

A

In all nucleated body cell

169
Q

Where are class II MHC proteins located?

A

Only in APCs (antigen-presenting cells) and lymphocytes

170
Q

Whether a T cell responds to antigens held in class I or class II MHC proteins depends on what?

A

The structure of the T cell plasma membrane

171
Q

What are the proteins within T cell plasma membranes?

A

CD markers

172
Q

Which markers are present on all T cells?

A

CD3 markers

173
Q

What markers are present on cytotoxic and regulatory T cells?

A

CD8 markers

174
Q

What markers are on all helper T cells?

A

CD4 markers

175
Q

What happens when each type of CD8 cell responds quickly to a class I MHC-bound antigen?

A

One type of CD8 cell gives rise to large numbers of cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells. The other type of CD8 cell responds more slowly, giving rise to small numbers of regulatory T cells

176
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Seek out and destroy abnormal and infected cells

177
Q

What are the 3 ways the cytotoxin T cell may destroy the target cell?

A
  1. Release perforins to destroy the target cell’s plasma membrane
  2. Release cytokines and activate genes in the target cell’s nucleus telling that cell to undergo apoptosis
  3. Secrete a poisonous lymphotoxin to kill the target cell
178
Q

What does cell-mediated immunity result from?

A

The activation of CD8 cells by antigens bound to class I MHCs

179
Q

During cell-mediated immunity, what happens when the CD8 cells are activated?

A

Most of these T cells divide to generated cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells

180
Q

What do regulatory T cells moderate the responses of?

A

Other T cells and B cells

181
Q

Helper T cells respond to antigens presented by _____

A

Class II MHC proteins

182
Q

What happens when helper T cells are activated?

A

They secrete cytokines that aid in coordinating adaptive and innate defenses and also regulate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity

183
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemical messengers coordinated by the immune system

184
Q

What do interleukins do?

A
  • Increase T cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes
  • Stimulate B cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production
  • Enhance innate defenses
  • Moderate the immune response
185
Q

What do interferons (IFNs) do?

A

Slow the spread of a virus by making the synthesizing cell and its neighbors resistant to viral infections

186
Q

What do tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) do?

A

Slow tumor growth
Kill tumor cells
Act as pyrogens

187
Q

What are colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)?

A

Factors produced by active T cells, cells of the monocyte-macrophage group, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts

188
Q

When do B cells become sensitized?

A

When antibody molecules in their plasma membranes bind antigens. The antigens are then displayed on the class II MHC proteins of the B cells, which become activated by helper T cells activated by the same antigen

189
Q

What can an active B cell differentiate into?

A

A plasma cell or produce daughter cells that differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells

190
Q

What are produced by plasma cells?

A

Antibodies

191
Q

What does a Y-shaped antibody molecule consist of?

A

Two parallel pairs of polypeptide chains containing constant and variable segments

192
Q

What are the five classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins)?

A 
IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
IgA
193
Q

What do IgG do?

A

They are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins

194
Q

What do IgE do?

A

They release chemicals that accelerate local inflammation

195
Q

What do IgD do?

A

It is an individual molecule on the surface of B cells, where it can bind antigens in the extracellular fluid

196
Q

What do IgM do?

A

They are the first type of antibody secreted after an antigen arrives

197
Q

What do IgA do?

A

Attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues

198
Q

Where are IgA found?

A

On glandular secretions such as mucus, tears, saliva, and semen

199
Q

What is it called when antibody molecule bind to an antigen?

A

An antigen-antibody complex

200
Q

What are the affects that appear after an antibody molecule binds to an antigen?

A 
Neutralization
Precipitation
Agglutination
Opsonization
Stimulation of inflammation
Preventing of bacterial or viral adhesion
201
Q

What is neutralization?

A

Antibody binding that prevents viruses or bacterial toxins from binding to body cells

202
Q

What is precipitation?

A

The formation of an insoluble immune complex

203
Q

What is agglutination?

A

The formation of large complexes

204
Q

What is opsonization?

A

The coating of pathogens with antibodies and complement proteins to enhance phagocytosis

205
Q

What is the primary response?

A

The initial immune response to an antigen?

206
Q

What is the secondary response?

A

All following contacts with the same antigen after the initial immune response; the most important feature of immune systems

207
Q

Why does the primary response take time to develop?

A

Because the antigen must activate the appropriate B cells. These cells must then differentiate into plasma cells. As plasma cells differentiation and begin secreting, the concentration of circulating antibodies makes a gradual, sustained rise

208
Q

How long does the primary response take to develop peak antibody levels?

A

About 2 weeks

209
Q

In humoral immunity, the antibodies first produced by plasma cells are the agents of the ______

A

Primary response

210
Q

During which response does the maximum antibody level appear during?

A

The secondary response to antigen exposure

211
Q

Are the initial steps in the immune responses to viral and bacterial infections the same or different?

A

Different

212
Q

What is immunocompetence?

A

The ability to produce an immune response after exposure to an antigen

213
Q

What type of immunity does a developing fetus acquire?

A

Passive immunity from antibodies in the maternal bloodstream

214
Q

What type of immunity does an infant develop after delivery?

A

Active immunity following exposure to environmental antigens

215
Q

What is released during periods of stress?

A

Interleukin-1 is released by active macrophages, which triggers the release of ACTH by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

216
Q

What is produced by the adrenal cortex that moderates the immune response? What happens to their long-term secretion?

A

Glucocorticoids. Their long-term secretion can lower a person’s resistance to disease

217
Q

What are hypersensitivities?

A

Allergies. Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to allergens

218
Q

What are allergens?

A

Antigens that trigger allergic reactions

219
Q

What are the 4 types of allergies?

A

Type 1 - Immediate hypersensitivity
Type 2 - Cytotoxic reactions
Type 3 - Immune complex disorders
Type 4 - Delayed hypersensitivity

220
Q

What happens during anaphylaxis?

A

A circulating allergen affects mast cells throughout the body

221
Q

When do autoimmune disorders develop?

A

When the immune response inappropriately targets normal body cells and tissues

222
Q

What happens during an immunodeficiency disease?

A

Either the immune system does not develop normally, or the immune response is blocked

223
Q

What happens to the immune system during aging?

A

It becomes less effective at combating disease

224
Q

Which system has extensive interactions with the nervous and endocrine systems?

A

The lymphatic system

225
Q

If you are immunocompetent, what do you have?

A

A normal immune response

226
Q

People have autoimmune diseases because they don’t have ______

A

Immunocompetence

227
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

The red bone marrow

228
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

The thymus

229
Q

What is the protein responsible for the development into B cells and NK cells?

A

Interleukin 7

230
Q

Which cells are responsible for immunological surveillance?

A

NK cells

231
Q

B cells become _____

A

Plasma cells

232
Q

What is the lymphocyte timeline of T cells?

A
  1. Hemocytoblast
  2. Lymphoid stem cell
  3. Travels to thymus
  4. T cell maturation
  5. Differentiation of one of the 4 types of T cells
233
Q

What is the lymphocyte timeline of B cells?

A
  1. Hemocytoblast
  2. Lymphoid stem cell
  3. Interleukin-7
  4. Mature in red bone marrow and enter bloodstream; move into peripheral tissues
234
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Removes dead or damaged RBCs

A&P 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions