Ch. 19 Blood Flashcards
1
Q
What does the cardiovascular consist of?
A
Heart, blood, and blood vessels
2
Q
What does circulating blood provide the body’s cells with?
A
Nutrients, hormones, oxygen, and chemical messengers
3
Q
What type of cells do circulating blood carry?
A
Immune cells
4
Q
What does whole blood include?
A
Plasma and formed elements
5
Q
What is hematocrit?
A
The fraction of blood volume occupied by cells
6
Q
What temperature is blood? Both Celsius and Fahrenheit
A
38° C (100.4° F)
7
Q
How much more viscous is blood than water?
A
5x
8
Q
What is the pH of blood?
A
Slightly alkaline, 7.4 on pH scale
9
Q
What is the percentage of blood in relation to your body weight?
A
7%
10
Q
How much blood do men carry?
A
5-6 liters
11
Q
How much blood do women carry?
A
4-5 liters
12
Q
What are the formed elements of blood? 3
A
Platelets
White blood cells
Red blood cells
13
Q
What is the plasma composition of blood? 3
A
Water
Plasma protein
Other solutes
14
Q
What are the 3 plasma proteins in blood plasma?
A
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
15
Q
What are the other solutes in blood plasma? 6
A
Inorganic electrolytes Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3- H+ ions Glucose, fructose, and other small carbohydrates Amino Acids Organic wastes
16
Q
What are inorganic electrolytes in blood plasma?
A
Ions that are present in the plasma
17
Q
What is the red blood cell count?
A
The number of RBCs in 1 microliter of whole blood
18
Q
What is the typical red blood cell count in males?
A
4.5–6.3 million
19
Q
What is the typical red blood cell count in females?
A
4.2–5.5 million
20
Q
What are platelets important for?
A
The clotting process
21
Q
What are white blood cells/leukocytes important for?
A
Immune function
22
Q
What do RBCs of mammals lose?
A
Most of their organelles including nuclei
23
Q
What are 4 consequences of RBCs not having organelles?
A
- No cell division
- No synthesis of proteins or enzymes
- Energy demands are low
- Use anaerobic metabolism of glucose (glycolysis) for energy demands
24
Q
What 3 things do RBCs lack?
A
Nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes
25
Without nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes, what are RBCs incapable of doing?
Repair
26
What type of metabolism do RBCs carry out?
Anaerobic metabolism
27
How long do RBCs live?
120 days
28
What is the shape of a RBC?
Each RBC is a biconcave disc
29
What are 3 features of the RBC structure?
- Large Surface area-to-volume ratio
- Allows stacking
- Enables bending and flexing for passage in capillaries
30
3 key proteins within RBC
- 2 alpha chains
- 2 beta chains
- Single Heme with Iron core
31
What is important about the iron core of RBCs?
It is the key to why we recycle much of RBC components
32
What are hemocytoblasts?
Multi-potent stem cells
33
What do hemocytoblasts give rise to?
- Myeloid stem cells
| - Lymphoid stem cells
34
What is produced by myeloid stem cells?
Red blood cells mostly, and some white blood cells
35
What is produced by lymphoid stem cells
White blood cells (lymphocytes)
36
What is erythropoiesis?
Red blood cell formation
37
During erythropoiesis in the first 8 weeks of development, where are RBCs formed?
The embryonic yolk sac
38
Later in development, where does erythropoiesis occur?
The liver, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow
39
In adults, where does erythropoiesis only occur?
Red bone marrow
40
Building red blood cells requires:
- Amino acids
- Iron
- Vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid
41
What are the key factors to push Myeloid Progenitor Cells?
IL’s, MS-CSF
42
Where are glycoproteins formed?
In kidneys and liver
43
Where/when do erythropoietin appear?
Appears in plasma when kidneys are exposed to low levels of O2 (hypoxia)
44
When erythropoietin is released and travels to bone marrow, what does it do?
- Increases cell division
| - Speeds up maturation by accelerating Hb production
45
Regarding blood doping, why is EPO administered to healthy athletes?
To increase hematocrits or packed hematorcrits reintroduced
46
What does blood doping increase?
Oxygen for muscles
47
What determines your blood type?
Which antigens are on your plasma membrane, glycoproteins or glycolipids
48
What are the different blood types?
A, B, O, AB, and Rh- or Rh+
49
What is agglutination in RBCs?
When RBCs "stick" together
50
What causes agglutination in RBCs?
Antibodies called agglutinins “attack” foreign agglutinogens
51
What blood is the universal donor?
O negative blood
52
What is another name for white blood cells?
Leukocytes
53
What are the 4 duties of WBCs?
- Defend body against pathogens
- Remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells
- Circulate only a short period of their life
- Can leave the blood and enter damaged tissue
54
What do WBCs have that RBCs don't?
Nuclei and other organelles
55
Like RBCs, what do WBCs also lack?
Hb
56
5 examples of WBCs
- Monocyte
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
- Lymphocyte
- Neutrophil
57
What represents 50-70% of circulating WBCs?
Neutrophils
58
How did neutrophils get their name?
Because they are difficult to stain (neutral)
59
What are the first white blood cells to arrive at an infection?
Neutrophils
60
How do neutrophils help at a site of infection?
By attacking and digesting bacteria that has been "marked" with antibodies
61
What makes up less than 1% of WBCs?
Basophils
62
What do basophils release?
Granules into interstitial fluids
63
What does histamine mean?
Dilates blood vessels
64
What does heparin mean?
Prevents blood clotting
65
What gives eosinophils their name?
Because they stain with the red dye eosin
66
What makes up 2-4% of circulating WBCs?
Eosinophils
67
What kind of nucleus do eosinophils have?
Bi-lobed nucleus
68
What do eosinophils attack?
Things marked with antibodies
69
What do eosinophils do during allergic reactions?
Numbers increase due to sensitivity
70
How do eosinophils control inflammation?
With enzymes that counteract inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells
71
Are monocytes large or small?
Very large
72
What makes up 2-8% of circulating WBCs?
Monocytes
73
What do monocytes secrete?
Substances that draw fibrocytes to regions which begin to produce scar tissue
74
What do monocytes do when they enter peripheral tissues?
Become macropages
75
What makes up 20-30% of circulating WBCs?
Lymphocytes
76
Where are lymphocytes typically?
In connective tissue and lymphoid system
77
How many classes of lymphocytes are there?
3
78
What is the blood clotting phase called?
Coagulation phase
79
What happens during the coagulation phase?
Complex series of events ultimately leading to the conversion of circulating fibrinogen into the insoluble protein fibrin
80
During the coagulation phase, what does the fibrin network do?
It grows, covering the surface of the platelet plug
81
What does the coagulation phase depend on?
Clotting factors (procoagulants). Many of the factors are proenzymes that act in a cascade fashion “turning on” other proenzymes
82
What is the common pathway during the coagulation phase?
1. ) prothrombinase
2. ) prothrombin --> thrombin
3. ) fibrinogen --> fibrin
83
What is the last step in the coagulation phase?
Clot retraction pulls the torn edges of the vessel together
84
What is fibrinolysis?
Dissolving of the clot
85
What does fibrinolysis begin with?
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and other factors --> Plasminogen
86
During fibrionolysis, what does the activation of plasminogen produce?
The enzyme plasmin which begins digestion of the fibrin strands
87
What are 2 of the necessary items for coagulation?
Calcium and Vitamin K
88
Why is calcium necessary for coagulation?
Low calcium levels will impair blood clotting
89
Why is vitamin K necessary for coagulation?
Vitamin K must be present for the liver to synthesize many of the clotting factors
90
What is the fluid connective tissue of the cardiovascular system?
Blood
91
What is blood?
A specialized connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix
92
What kind of tissue is blood?
Fluid connective tissue
93
In addition to water and proteins, what else make up plasma?
Electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes
94
Is plasma a formed element?
No
95
Where are most plasma proteins produced?
Liver
96
Which category of plasma proteins includes antibodies?
Globulins
97
Proportionately, what is the largest component of the plasma, other than water?
Proteins
98
What is the more filtered form of plasma?
Serum
99
What is an advantage of serum?
It makes it easier to find things in plasma that aren't as robust or populating
100
What is the coating used on test tubes to prevent blood clotting?
Heparin
101
What would trigger a sample of blood to be abnormal in appearance?
Too many WBCs
102
What is the easiest way to tell a RBC from a WBC?
A WBC has a nucleus and the cytoplasm is mostly white
103
What are the two categories of WBCs?
Granulocytes
| Agranulocytes
104
What do granulocytes look like under a microscope?
Balls of material and beading from vesicles
105
3 types of granulocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
106
What is the first thing a neutrophil does to break down cellular debris?
Spits on it to begin breaking it up
107
When you have an injury site, what is the first thing sent?
An army of neutrophils
108
What do neutrophils and eosinophils have in common?
They both spit on debris to break it apart
109
What occurs to transition basophils to mast cells?
When the basophil gets out of the blood supply and takes up permanent residence in your airways and skin, it’s in connective tissue so we call it a mast cell
110
2 types of agranulocytes
Monocytes
| Lymphocytes
111
3 types of lymphocytes
B cells
T cells
Natural killer cells
112
What is the appearance of a lymphocyte?
1 large nucleus with a little bit of cytoplasm
113
What is the appearance of a monocyte?
Large with a kidney bean-shaped nucleus
114
What is the appearance of a neutrophil?
Round cell with a lobed nucleus
| May resemble a string of beads
115
What is the appearance of an eosinophil?
Bi-lobed nucleus
116
What are the small blue objects in a sample of blood?
Platelets
117
What is the yellow in the background of a sample of blood?
Plasma
118
What are the pieces and proteins that stick outside the RBC?
Antigens
119
What are the molecules we make in our body to bind to antigens?
Antibodies
120
What makes antibodies that attach to pathogens?
B cells
121
If you have the Rh antigen, what does that mean for your blood type?
You're positive
| Ex. O positive
122
What is the universal donor of blood?
O negative
123
What is the universal receiver of blood?
AB positive
124
What does MCV stand for?
Mean cell volume
125
What is the purpose of determining mean cell volume?
Trying to figure out if your blood cells are the right size
126
When is the Rh factor most important?
For women in pregnancy
127
How to determine mean cell volume
hematocrit x 10 divided by RBC count
128
What does MCHC stand for?
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
129
What is the purpose of determine MCHC?
Finding out how much hemoglobin is in a RBC
130
What does hyperchromic mean?
Too much hemoglobin in a RBC
131
What are the nonliving parts of blood plasma?
The plasma proteins, other solutes, and water
132
What are the living parts of blood plasma?
The formed elements
133
Why are RBCs considered a cell?
They have a membrane and can respond to some of its environment
134
What is the lifespan of RBC?
120 days
135
What is the lifespan of platelets?
14 days
136
What is the purpose of the RBC structure?
Has to be able to stack to get as much into smaller spaces as possible
137
What is the structure of hemoglobin?
4 chains of proteins: 2 are alpha and 2 are beta. In the middle is a molecule called a heme which has an iron atom in the middle bound to an oxygen atom
138
How many oxygen molecules does one molecule of hemoglobin have?
4
139
Within 24 hours, what do reticulocytes become?
Red blood cells
140
What is CSF?
Colony stimulating factor
141
What does IL stand for?
Interleukins
142
In addition to water and proteins, what else make up plasma?
Electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes
143
Which type of protein is responsible for transporting triglycerides in the blood?
Apolipoproteins
144
A patient developed an obstruction in his renal arteries that restricted blood flow to his kidneys. What change would occur to the formed elements?
Hematocrit would increase.
145
What is serum?
Plasma with the clotting factors removed
146
Which plasma protein would you expect to be elevated if you were suffering from strep throat?
Immunoglobulins
147
How is it that liver disorders can alter the composition and the functional properties of blood?
The liver is the primary source of plasma proteins.
148
What are the “patrol agents” in the blood that defend the body against toxins and pathogens?
White blood cells and antibodies
149
The formed elements of the blood consist of __________.
Red and white blood cells and platelets
150
What would be the effect on your body if for some reason your liver was damaged and stopped producing albumins?
Tissue swelling
151
Which component makes up the largest proportion of the formed elements?
Erythrocytes
152
Where are most plasma proteins produced?
Liver
153
Proportionately, what is the largest component of the plasma, other than water?
Proteins
154
Which of the plasma proteins functions in blood clotting?
Fibrinogen
155
What portion of a person’s body weight does the blood represent?
7%
156
Which category of plasma proteins includes antibodies?
Globulins
