Ch 21 - Lipids Of Physiologic Significance Flashcards

1
Q

The _______ are heteregoneous group of compounds, including FATS, OILS, STEROIDS, WAXES amd related compounds, that are related more by their physical than by their chemical properties.

A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lipids have the common property of being _________ in water and _________ in nonpolar solvents such as ETHER, CHLOROFORM and BENZENE.

A

Insoluble

Soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dietary supplementation with _______________ is believed to have beneficial effects in a number of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis and dementia.

A

Long chain omega-3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nonpolar lipids acts as _____________, allowing rapid propagation of depolarization waves along myelinated nerves.

A

Electrical insulator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lipids are transported in the blood combined with proteins in _________________.

A

Lipoprotein practicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_______________ include FATS and WAXES which are esters of fatty acids vith various alcohols.

A

Simple lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Esters of fatty acids with GYLCEROL.

A

Fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

______ are fats in the liquid state.

A

Oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Esters of fatty acids with higher molecular weight monohydric alcohols.

A

Waxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

______________ are esters of fatty acids containing groups in addition to an alcohol and one or more fatty acids.

A

Complex lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lipids containing in addition to fatty acids and an alcohol, a phosphoric acid residue. They frequently have nitrogen-containing bases (e.g choline).

A

Phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In many phospholipids the alcohol is GLYCEROL ______________ but in _________________ it is SPHINGOSINE, which contains an amino group.

A

Glycerophospholipids

Sphingophospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lipids containing a fatty acid, sphingosine and carbohydrate.

A

Glycolipids (Glycosphingolipids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Because they are uncharged, acylglycerols (glycerides), cholesterol and cholesteryl esters are termed ____________.

A

Neutral lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

_______________ are alipathic carboxylic acids.

A

Fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fatty acids occur in the body mainly as ________ in natural fats and oils, but are found in the unesterified form as ______________, a transport form in the plasma.

A

Esters

Free fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or False:

Fatty acids that occur in natural fats usually contain an even number of carbon atoms.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Containing one or more double bonds.

A

Unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Containing no double atoms

A

Saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The most frequently used systematic nomenclature names the fatty acid after the hydrocarbon with the same number and arrangement of carbon atoms, with -_____ being substitued for the final -e. (___________ system).

A

-oic

Genevan system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Saturated acids end in -_____ for example OCTANOIC ACID and unsaturated acids with double bonds end in -_______ for example OCTADECENOIC ACID.

A
  • anoic

- enoic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Carbon atoms are numbered from the ___________________.

A

Carboxyl carbon (carbon no. 1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The carbon atoms adjacent to the carboxyl carbon (nos. 2, 3, 4) are also known as the _______________ respectively.

A

Alpha, beta and gamma carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The terminal methyl carbon is known as the _____________.

A

w-or n-carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Major end product of carbohydrate fermentation by rumen organisms.

A

Acetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In certain fats in small amounts (especially butter). An end product of carbohydrate fermentation by rumen organisms.

A

Butyric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Spermaceti, cinnamon, palm kernel, coconut oils, laurels and butter.

A

Lauric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nutmeg, palm kernel, coconut oils, myrtles , butter

A

Myristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Common in all animal and plant fats

A

Palmitic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

18 Carbon atoms

A

Stearic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

16 C atoms

A

Palmitic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

14 C atoms

A

Myristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

12 C atoms

A

Lauric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

6 C atoms

A

Caproic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

5 C atoms

A

Valeric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

4 C atoms

A

Butyric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

2 C atoms

A

Acetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Containg one double bond.

A

Monounsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Containing two or more double bonds.

A

Polyunsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

These compounds, derived from eicosa (20-carbon) polyenoic fatty acids comprise the PROSTANOIDS, LEUKOTRIENES (LTs), and LIPOXINS (LXs).

A

Eicosanoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

______________ exist in virtually every mammalian tissue, acting as local hormones; they have important physiologic and pharmacologic activites.

A

Prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

They are synthesized in vivo by cyclization of the center of the carbon chain of 20-carbon (eicosanoic) polyunsaturated fatty acids to form a cyclopentane ring.

A

Prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The _________________ have the cyclopentane ring interrupted with an oxygen atom (oxane ring).

A

Thromboxanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The LEUKOTRIENES and LIPOXINS are a third group of eicosanoid derivatives formed via the ________________.

A

Lipoxygenase pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

___________________ cause bronchoconstriction as well as being potent inflammatory agents, and play a part in asthma.

A

Leukotrienes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Most naturally occuring unsaturated fatty acids have ___________.

A

cis double bounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The carbon chains of unsaturated fatty acids form a _____________ when extended at low temperatures.

A

Zigzag pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

At higher temperatures, some bonds ________, causing chain shortening, which explains why biomembranes become thinner with increases in temperature.

A

Rotate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

A type of _______________ occurs in unsaturated fatty acids, depending on the orientation of atoms or groups around the axes of double bonds, which do not allow rotation.

A

Geometric isomerism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

If the acyl chains are on the SAME SIDE of the bond, it is -____ as in oleic acid; if on OPPOSITE SIDES, it is ______- as in elaidic acid.

A

Cis

Trans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Double bonds in naturally occuring unsaturated long-chain fatty acids are nearly all in the ____ configuration, the molecules being “bent” _____ degrees at the double bond.

A

Cis

120

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Thus, oleic acid has a _______, whereas elaidic acid remains ____.

A

V shape

Straight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

__________, with 4 cis double bonds, is bent into a U shape.

A

Arachidonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

True or False

DECREASE in the number of cis double bonds in a fatty acid leads to a variety of possible spatial configurations of the molecule.

A

False

INCREASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

____________ are presemt in certain foods, arising as a by-product of the saturation of fatty acids during hydrogenation or “hardening” of natural oils in the manufacture of margarine.

A

Trans fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

True or False:

Physical and physiologic properties of fatty acids reflect CHAIN LENGTH and DEGREE OF UNSATURATION.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

The melting points of even-numbered fatty acids _______ with chain length and _________ according to unsaturation.

A

Increase

Decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

In nearly all fats

A

Palmitoleic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Possibly the most common fatty acid in natural fats; particularly high in olive oil

A

Oleic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Hydrogenated and ruminant fats

A

Elaidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Corn, peanut, cottonseed, soy bean and many plant oils

A

Linoleic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Some plants, eg. oil of evening primrose, borage oil; minor fatty acid in animals

A

Gamma-linolenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Found in animal fats, important component of phospholipids in animals.

A

Arachidonic

64
Q

Important component of fish oils, eg, cod liver, mackerel, menhaden, salmon oils

A

Timnodonic

65
Q

Fish oils, algal oils, phospholipids in brain

A

Cervonic

66
Q

A triacylglycerol containing three saturated fatty acids of 12 carbons or more is _______ at body temperature, whereas if the fatty acid residues are polyunsaturated, it is ___________.

A

Solid

Liquid to below 0 degree.

67
Q

____________ which must be fluid at all environmental temperature, are more unsaturated than storage lipids.

A

Membrane lipids

68
Q

True or False

Lipids in tissues that are subject to cooling, for example, in hibernators or in the extremities of animals, are also more unsaturated.

A

True

69
Q

Found in plant oils.

A

Alpha-linolenic (ALA)

70
Q

Found in fish oil

A

Eicosapentaenoic (EPA)

71
Q

Found in fish and algal oils

A

Docosahexaenoic (DHA)

72
Q

_____________ are the main storage forms of fatty acids.

A

Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides)

73
Q

The _____________ are esters of the trihydric alcohol and fatty acids.

A

Triacylglycerols

74
Q

______ and _________ wherein one or two fatty acids are esterified with glycerol

A

Mono- and diacylglycerols

75
Q

Carbon __ & __ of glycerol are not identical.

A

1 & 3

76
Q

To number the carbon atoms of glycerol unambigously, the ___________ system is used.

A

-sn (stereochemical numbering)

77
Q

Glycerol is always phosphorylated on sn-3 by glycerol kinase to give _____________ and not gylcerol-1-phosphate.

A

Gylcerol-3-phosphate

78
Q

Many phospholipids are derivatives of _________________, in which the phosphate is esterified with one OH group of glycerol and the other two OH groups are esterified to two long chain fatty acids.

A

Phosphatidic acid

79
Q

_____________ is important as an intermediate in the synthesis of triacylglycerols as well as phosphoglycerols but is not found in any great quantity in tissues.

A

Phosphatidic acid

80
Q

____________ containing CHOLINE are the most abundant phospholipids of the cell membrane and represent a large proportiom of the body’s store of choline.

A

Glycerophospholipids

81
Q

Commonly called LECITHINS.

A

Phosphatidylcholines

82
Q

_______ is important in nervous transmission and as a store of labile methy groups.

A

Choline

83
Q

___________ is a very effective surface-active agent and a major constituent of the surfactant preventing adherence, due to surface tension, of the inner surfaces of the lungs.

A

Dipalmitoyl lecithin

84
Q

Most phospholipids have a SATURATED acyl radical in the ________ position but an UNSATURATED radical in the _____ of glycerol.

A

sn-1

sn-2

85
Q

Phosphatidylserine also plays a role in ___________.

A

Apoptosis

86
Q

____________ are found in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane lipid bilayer and are particularly abundant in specialized areas of the plasma membrane known as __________.

A

Sphingomyelins

Lipid rafts

87
Q

_____________ are also found in large quantities in the MYELIN SHEATH that surrounds nerve fibers

A

Sphingomyelins

88
Q

They are believed to play a role in cell signaling and in apoptosis.

A

Sphingomyelins

89
Q

True or False:

Sphingomyelins contain glycerol, and on hydrolysis they yield a fatty acid, phosphoric acid, choline and sphingosine.

A

False:

NO GLYCEROL

90
Q

The combination of sphingosine plus fatty acid is known as _________, a structure also found in the glycosphingolipids.

A

Ceramide

91
Q

______________ is a precursor of second messengers.

A

Phosphatidylinositol

92
Q

The inositol is present in phosphatidylinositol as the stereoisomoer, ____________.

A

Myoinositol

93
Q

Phosphorylated phosphatidylinositols or ______________ are minor components of cell membranes but play an important part in CELL SIGNALING and MEMBRANE TRAFFICKING.

A

Phosphoinositides

94
Q

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PiP2) is cleaved into _________ and ________ upon stimulation by a suitable hormone agonist, and both of these act as internal signals or second messengers.

A

Diacylglycerol and inositol tris-phosphate

95
Q

___________ is a major lipid of mitochondrial membranes.

A

Cardiolipin

96
Q

Phosphatidic acid is a precursor of phosphatidylglycerol, which in turn gives rise to ___________.

A

Cardiolipin

97
Q

This phospholipid is found only in mitochondria and is essential for the mitochondrial function.

A

Cardiolipin

98
Q

_________ cardiolipin levels or alterations in its structure or metabolism cause mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and in pathological conditions including HEART FAILURE, HYPOTHYROIDISM and BARTH SYNDROME (Cardioskeletal myopathy).

A

Decreased

99
Q

___________ are intermediates in the metabolism of phosphogylcerols.

A

Lysophospholipids

100
Q

These are phosphoacylglycerols containing only one acyl radical, for example _______________, important in the metabolism and interconversion of phospholipids.

A

Lysophosphatidylcholine (lysolecithin)

101
Q

It is also found in oxidized lipoproteins and has been implicated in some of their effects in promoting atherosclerosis.

A

Lysophospholipids

102
Q

These compounds constitue as much as 10% to 30% of the phospholipids of brain and heart.

A

Plasmalogens

103
Q

Structurally, the plasmalogens resemble _______________ but posess an ether link on the sn-1 carbon instead of the ester link found in acylglycerols.

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine

104
Q

Typically, the __________ is an unsaturated alcohol.

A

Alkyl radical

105
Q

It has been suggested that they may have a protective effect against reactive oxygen species.

A

Plasmalogens

106
Q

______________ are important in nerve tissues and in the cell membrane.

A

Glycolipids (Glycosphingolipids)

107
Q

________ are lipids with an attached carbohydrate or carbohydrate chain. They are widely distributed in every tissue of the body, particularly in nervous tissue such as brain.

A

Glycolipids

108
Q

Glycolipids occur particularly in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, where they contribute to cell surface carbohydrates which form the _________.

A

Glycocalyx

109
Q

The major glycolipids found in animal tissues are _______________.

A

Glycosphingolipids

110
Q

True or False:

Glycosphingolipids contain ceramide and one or more sugars.

A

True

111
Q

___________ is a major glycosphingolipid of brain and other nervous tissue, found in relatively low amounts elsewhere.

A

Galactosylceramide

112
Q

Galactsylceramide contains a number of characterstic _____ fatty acids for example, cerebronic acid.

A

C24

113
Q

Galactosylceramide can be converted to ___________ which has a sulfo group attached to the O in the three position of galactose and is present in high amounts in ________.

A

Sulfogalactosylceramide (sulfatide)

Myelin

114
Q

____________ resembles galactosylceramide, but the head group is GLUCOSE rather than galactose.

A

Glucosylceramide

115
Q

It is the predominant simple glycosphingolipid of extraneural tissues, also occuring in the brain in small amounts.

A

Glucosylceramide

116
Q

_________ are complex glycosphingolipids are derived from glucosylceramide that contain in addition one or more molecules of a sialic acid.

A

Gangliosides

117
Q

______________ is the principal sialic acid found in human tissues.

A

Neuraminic acid

118
Q

True or False:

Gangliosides are absent in nervous tissues

A

False:

Gangliosides are also present in nervous tissues in high concentration.

119
Q

They function in cell-cell recognition and communication and as receptors for hormones and bacterial toxins such as cholera toxin.

A

Gangliosides or neuraminic acid ???

120
Q

The simplest ganglioside found in tissues is _____, which contains ceramide, one molecule of NeuAc and one molecule of galactose.

A

GM3

121
Q

_____, a more complex ganglioside derived from GM3, is of considerable biologic interest as it is known to be the receptor in human intestine for cholera toxin.

A

GM1

122
Q

Other gangliosides can contain anywhere from one to five molecules of sialic acid, giving rise to _______________.

A

di-trisialogangliosides

123
Q

All steroids have a similar cyclic nucleus resembling ______________ (rings A, B and C) to which a cyclopentane ring (D) is attached.

A

Phenanthrene

124
Q

It is important to realize that in structural formulas of steroids, a simple hexagonal ring denotes a completely ____________ with all valences satisfied by hydrogen bonds unless shown otherwise; it is not a benzene ring.

A

Saturated six-carbon ring

125
Q

If the compound has one or more hydroxyl groups and no carbonyl or carboxyl groups, it is a ________ and the name terminates in -ol.

A

Sterol

126
Q

Each of the six-carbon rings of the steroid nucleus is capable of existing in the three-dimensional conformation either of a “______” or a “_________”.

A

Chair

Boat

127
Q

In naturally occuring steroids, virtually all the rings are in the _______ form, which is the more stable conformation.

A

Chair

128
Q

___________ is widely distributed in all cells of the body but particularly in nervous tissue.

A

Cholesterol

129
Q

It is a major constituent of the plasma membrane and of plasma lipoprotein.

A

Cholesterol

130
Q

Cholesterol is found as _____________, where the hydroxyl group on position 3 is esterified with a long-chain fatty acid.

A

Cholesteryl ester

131
Q

_____________ is a precursor of Vitamin D.

A

Ergosterol

132
Q

__________ occurs in plants and yeast and is important as a dietary source of Vitamin D.

A

Ergosterol

133
Q

When irradiated with ultraviolet light in the skin, ring B is opened to form _______________ in a process similar to the one that forms _____________ from 7-dehydro-cholesterol in the skin.

A

Vitamin D2

Vitamin D3

134
Q

Although not steroids, ____________ are related because they are synthesized, like cholesterol, from five-carbon isoprene units.

A

Polyprenoids

135
Q

_____________ participates in the respiratory chain in mitochondria.

A

Ubiquinone

136
Q

The long-chain alcohol ___________, which takes part in glycoprotein synthesis by transferring carbohydrate residues to aspargine residues of the polypeptide.

A

Dolichol

137
Q

The deleterious effects are considered to be caused by _____________, molecules that have unpaired valence electrons, making them highly reactive.

A

Free radicals

138
Q

Free radical containing oxygen are termed ________________.

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

139
Q

These are produced during peroxide formation from fatty acids containing methylene-interrupted double bonds, that is, those found in the naturally occuring polyunsaturated fatty acids.

A

ROS

140
Q

______________ is a chain reaction providing a continuous supply of ROS that initiate further peroxidation and thus has potentially devastating effects.

A

Lipid peroxidation

141
Q

The whole process can be depicted as follows:

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Propagation
  3. Termination
142
Q

To control and reduce lipid peroxidation, both humans in their activities and nature invoke the use of ______________.

A

Antioxidants

143
Q

Are antioxidants used as food additives:

A
  1. Propyl gallate
  2. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
  3. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
144
Q

Naturally occuring antioxidants include Vitamin E (tocopherol), which is __________ and urate and Vitamin C which are _______.

A

Lipid soluble

Water soluble

145
Q

Preventive antioxidants include catalase and other peroxidases such as ______________________ that react with ROOH.

A

Glutathione peroxidase

146
Q

__________ which is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and regulates its activity.

A

Selenium

147
Q

DTPA

A

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetate

148
Q

In vivo, the prinicipal-chain breaking antioxidants are _____________, which acts in the aqueous phase to trap superoxide free radicals urate and __________, which acts in the lipid phase to trap ROO radicals.

A

Superoxide dismutase

Vitamin E

149
Q

Peroxidation is also catalyzed in vivo by heme compounds and by ______________ found in platelets and leukocytes.

A

Lipoxygenases

150
Q

Other products of auto-oxidation or enzymic oxidation of physiologic significance include ______ (formed from cholesterol) and _______ (formed from the peroxodation of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid).

A

Oxysterols

Isoprostanes

151
Q

____________ may be formed by sonicating an ampiphatic lipid in an aqueous medium.

A

Liposomes

152
Q

Aggregation of bile salts into micelles and liposomes and the formation of _____________ with the products of fat digestion are importamt in facilitating absorption of lipids from the intestine.

A

Mixed micelles

153
Q

_____________ are of potential clinical use, particularly when combined with tissue-specific antibodies, as carriers of drugs in the circulation, targeted to specific organs for example in cancer therapy.

A

Liposomes

154
Q

In addition, they are used for gene transfer into vesicular cells and as carriers for topical and transdermal delivery of drugs and cosmetics.

A

Liposomes

155
Q

___________ are much larger particles, formed usually by nonpolar lipids in an aqueous medium.

A

Emulsions