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BIOCHEM (1st yr Med) - Harper's > 36 - RNA Synthesis, Processing, & Modification > Flashcards

36 - RNA Synthesis, Processing, & Modification Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major products of RNA Polymerase II?

a. tRNA
b. rRNA
c. mRNA

A

c. mRNA

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2
Q

Promote the ability of RNA polymerases to recognize the nucleotide at which initiation begins

a. RNA primase
b. Promoter
c. Helicase
d. DNA ligase

A

b. Promoter

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3
Q

In eukaryotes, the process of pol II PIC formation required the following EXCEPT

a. polymerase
b. general transcription factors
c. beta subunits
d. transcription factors IIA and B

A

c. Beta subunits

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4
Q

What protects the 3-prime end of the mRNA?

a. 7-methylguanosine cap
b. poly(A) tail
c. 7-methyladenosine cap
d. poly(U) tail

A

b. Poly(A) tail

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5
Q

What modulates gene expression?

a. short miRNA
b. short miRNA and siRNA
c. siRNA
d. ncRNA

A

b. short miRNA and siRNA

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6
Q

In transcription

a. once the enhancer is located, DNA unwinds to expose transcriptions site

b. pyrophosphate is released following each cycle of polymerization

c. the nascent trinucleotide retains the 5-triphosphate of the initiating nucleotide

d. pyrophosphatases degrade the inorganic phosphate providing reversibility of the overall reaction

A

b. Pyrophosphate is released following each cycle of polymerization

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7
Q

What is a special multicomponent complex involved in converting the primary transcript into mRNA?

a. enhancers
b. ribozymes
c. ribonucleoprotein
d. spliceosome

A

d. Spliceosome

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8
Q

What are RNA molecules with catalytic activity?

a. enhancers
b. ribozymes
c. ribonucleoprotein
d. spliceosome

A

b. Ribozymes

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9
Q

Defined as the region of DNA that includes the signals for transcription initiation, elongation, and termination.

a. Transcription unit
b. Primary transcript
c. Transcription start site

A

a. Transcription unit

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10
Q

They make up the GENETIC CODE

a. RNA synthesis
b. DNA primase
c. Codons
d. Central dogma

A

c. Codon

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11
Q

For a given gene & gene product, there is a linear relationship between the coding sequence in DNA, the mRNA sequence and, depending on the codon usage, in the () sequence

A

Protein

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12
Q

The mechanism by which a template strand of DNA is utilized by specific RNA polymerases to generate one of the three different classifications of RNA

A

RNA synthesis - Transcription

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13
Q

RNAs for protein synthesis

A
  • ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • transfer RNA (tRNA)
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14
Q

RNAs for splicing and modulation of gene expression

A

MicroRNAs (snRNA and miRNA)
small RNAs

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15
Q

Only protein coding RNA

A

mRNA

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16
Q

mRNA splicing

A

snRNA

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17
Q

Modulate gene expression by altering mRNA function

A
  • miRNA
  • siRNA
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18
Q

Process where in individual bases in some pre-mRNA molecules are changed; coding information can have changes at the mRNA level by this process

A

RNA editing

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19
Q

Also called the coding strand because its sequence is identical to those of mRNA (5’ - 3’)

A

Non-template strand

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20
Q

DNA and RNA synthesis similarities and differences

A
21
Q

Signals present within the DNA template that act to stimulate the initiation of transcription - promote the ability of RNA polymerases to recognize the nucleotide for initiation

A

Promoters

22
Q

Additional sequence elements are present within the genes that act to enhance polymerase activity even further

A

Enhancers

23
Q

Sequences that control gene expression

A
  • transcriptional promoters
  • transcriptional enhancers
24
Q

Enzyme responsible for polymerization of ribonucleotides into a sequence complementary to the template strand

A

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

25
Q

General Process of transcription

A
  1. RNA polymerase attaches at the promoter site on the template strand
  2. Initiation of RNA synthesis at the starting point
  3. Continued process until termination sequence is reached
26
Q

Region of DNA that includes the signals for transcription, initiation, elongation, and termination

A

Transcription unit

27
Q

(True/False)

Presence of nucleosomes inhibit transcription

A

True

28
Q

RNA product which is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction

A

primary transcript

29
Q

Regulate promoter activity

A

Transcription-factor proteins

30
Q

Regulate promoter activity

A

Transcription-factor protein

31
Q

RNA synthesis commences at (1) and begins with the formation of (2)

A

(1) Transcription starting site (TSS)
(2) initial dinucleotide

32
Q

Bond that is formed during RNA synthesis until trans termination sequence is reached

A

Phosphodiester

33
Q

Another name for the 5’ methyl cap

A

7-methylguanosine triphosphate cap

34
Q

(True/False)

5’ methyl cap is added to the 5’ end of mature mRNA at the cytoplasm

A

False

5’ methyl cap is added to the 5’ end of newly transcribed mRNA precursor in the nucleus prior to the transport of mRNA into the cytoplasm

35
Q

Modification of mRNA at the 5’ and 3’ ends is for the protection against nucleolytic attack by

A

5’-3’ exonucleases

36
Q

Protects the 3’ end of the mRNA

A

poly(A) tail

37
Q

special multicomponent complex involved in converting the primary transcript into mRNA

consist of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs)

A

spliceosomes

38
Q

Composition of spliceosomes

A
  • primary transcript
  • five snRNAs (U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6)
  • more than 60 proteins with conserved RRM (RNA recognition motifs) and SR (serine-arginine) protein motifs
39
Q

Transcription phases

A
  1. before initiation
  2. initiation
  3. elongation
  4. termination
40
Q

Sequence properly: (Transcription - before initiation)

1 - Eo promoter DNA complex undergoes a temperature-dependent conformation change to unwind or melt DNA in and around the transcription start site

2 - preinitiation complex is formed (PIC)

3 - RNA polymerase holoenzyme (RNAP-Eo) locates and binds to the promoter

A

3,1,2

41
Q

RNA polymerase continues to incorporate nucleotides at which point the polymerase undergoes another conformational change and moves away from the promoter. This reaction is termed -

A

promoter clearance

42
Q

The enzyme polymerizes the ribonucleotides in the specific sequence dictated by the template strand and interpreted by what rules

A

Watson-Citck base-pairing rules

43
Q

During elongation, what is released following each cycle of polymerization

A

pyrophosphate (PPi)

44
Q

() provides access for the appropriate base pairing to the nucleotides of the coding strand

A

DNA unwinding

45
Q

RNA polymerase that catalyze the transcription of

(1) rRNA
(2) mRNA & miRNA
(3) tRNA & 5s rRNA

A

(1) RNA polymerase I
(2) RNA polymerase II
(3) RNA polymerase III

46
Q

(True/False)

RNA polymerase is responsible for almost all functions in RNA synthesis

A

True

47
Q

Fundamental function of RNA synthesis

A

formation of phosphodiester bond

48
Q

The degradation of pyrophosphate to () locks the reaction in the direction of RNA synthesis

A

orthophosphate

49
Q

(True/False)

All steps of the Central Dogma is subject to modulation and potential sites for gene regulation

A

True

BIOCHEM (1st yr Med) - Harper's (13 decks)

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