36 - RNA Synthesis, Processing, & Modification

Question 1

What are the major products of RNA Polymerase II?

a. tRNA
b. rRNA
c. mRNA

Answer 1

c. mRNA

Question 2

Promote the ability of RNA polymerases to recognize the nucleotide at which initiation begins

a. RNA primase
b. Promoter
c. Helicase
d. DNA ligase

Answer 2

b. Promoter

Question 3

In eukaryotes, the process of pol II PIC formation required the following EXCEPT

a. polymerase
b. general transcription factors
c. beta subunits
d. transcription factors IIA and B

Answer 3

c. Beta subunits

Question 4

What protects the 3-prime end of the mRNA?

a. 7-methylguanosine cap
b. poly(A) tail
c. 7-methyladenosine cap
d. poly(U) tail

Answer 4

b. Poly(A) tail

Question 5

What modulates gene expression?

a. short miRNA
b. short miRNA and siRNA
c. siRNA
d. ncRNA

Answer 5

b. short miRNA and siRNA

Question 6

In transcription

a. once the enhancer is located, DNA unwinds to expose transcriptions site

b. pyrophosphate is released following each cycle of polymerization

c. the nascent trinucleotide retains the 5-triphosphate of the initiating nucleotide

d. pyrophosphatases degrade the inorganic phosphate providing reversibility of the overall reaction

Answer 6

b. Pyrophosphate is released following each cycle of polymerization

Question 7

What is a special multicomponent complex involved in converting the primary transcript into mRNA?

a. enhancers
b. ribozymes
c. ribonucleoprotein
d. spliceosome

Answer 7

d. Spliceosome

Question 8

What are RNA molecules with catalytic activity?

a. enhancers
b. ribozymes
c. ribonucleoprotein
d. spliceosome

Answer 8

b. Ribozymes

Question 9

Defined as the region of DNA that includes the signals for transcription initiation, elongation, and termination.

a. Transcription unit
b. Primary transcript
c. Transcription start site

Answer 9

a. Transcription unit

Question 10

They make up the GENETIC CODE

a. RNA synthesis
b. DNA primase
c. Codons
d. Central dogma

Answer 10

c. Codon

Question 11

For a given gene & gene product, there is a linear relationship between the coding sequence in DNA, the mRNA sequence and, depending on the codon usage, in the () sequence

Answer 11

Protein

Question 12

The mechanism by which a template strand of DNA is utilized by specific RNA polymerases to generate one of the three different classifications of RNA

Answer 12

RNA synthesis - Transcription

Question 13

RNAs for protein synthesis

Answer 13

• ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• messenger RNA (mRNA)
• transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 14

RNAs for splicing and modulation of gene expression

Answer 14

MicroRNAs (snRNA and miRNA)
small RNAs

Question 15

Only protein coding RNA

Answer 15

mRNA

Question 16

mRNA splicing

Answer 16

snRNA

Question 17

Modulate gene expression by altering mRNA function

Answer 17

• miRNA
• siRNA

Question 18

Process where in individual bases in some pre-mRNA molecules are changed; coding information can have changes at the mRNA level by this process

Answer 18

RNA editing

Question 19

Also called the coding strand because its sequence is identical to those of mRNA (5’ - 3’)

Answer 19

Non-template strand

Question 20

DNA and RNA synthesis similarities and differences

Answer 20

Question 21

Signals present within the DNA template that act to stimulate the initiation of transcription - promote the ability of RNA polymerases to recognize the nucleotide for initiation

Answer 21

Promoters

Question 22

Additional sequence elements are present within the genes that act to enhance polymerase activity even further

Answer 22

Enhancers

Question 23

Sequences that control gene expression

Answer 23

• transcriptional promoters
• transcriptional enhancers

Question 24

Enzyme responsible for polymerization of ribonucleotides into a sequence complementary to the template strand

Answer 24

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Question 25

General Process of transcription

Answer 25

1. RNA polymerase attaches at the promoter site on the template strand 2. Initiation of RNA synthesis at the starting point 3. Continued process until termination sequence is reached

Question 26

Region of DNA that includes the signals for transcription, initiation, elongation, and termination

Answer 26

Transcription unit

Question 27

(True/False) Presence of nucleosomes inhibit transcription

Answer 27

True

Question 28

RNA product which is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction

Answer 28

primary transcript

Question 29

Regulate promoter activity

Answer 29

Transcription-factor proteins

Question 30

Regulate promoter activity

Answer 30

Transcription-factor protein

Question 31

RNA synthesis commences at (1) and begins with the formation of (2)

Answer 31

(1) Transcription starting site (TSS) (2) initial dinucleotide

Question 32

Bond that is formed during RNA synthesis until trans termination sequence is reached

Answer 32

Phosphodiester

Question 33

Another name for the 5' methyl cap

Answer 33

7-methylguanosine triphosphate cap

Question 34

(True/False) 5' methyl cap is added to the 5' end of mature mRNA at the cytoplasm

Answer 34

False 5' methyl cap is added to the 5' end of newly transcribed mRNA precursor in the nucleus prior to the transport of mRNA into the cytoplasm

Question 35

Modification of mRNA at the 5' and 3' ends is for the protection against nucleolytic attack by

Answer 35

5'-3' exonucleases

Question 36

Protects the 3' end of the mRNA

Answer 36

poly(A) tail

Question 37

special multicomponent complex involved in converting the primary transcript into mRNA consist of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs)

Answer 37

spliceosomes

Question 38

Composition of spliceosomes

Answer 38

* primary transcript * five snRNAs (U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6) * more than 60 proteins with conserved RRM (RNA recognition motifs) and SR (serine-arginine) protein motifs

Question 39

Transcription phases

Answer 39

1. before initiation 2. initiation 3. elongation 4. termination

Question 40

Sequence properly: (Transcription - before initiation) 1 - Eo promoter DNA complex undergoes a temperature-dependent conformation change to unwind or melt DNA in and around the transcription start site 2 - preinitiation complex is formed (PIC) 3 - RNA polymerase holoenzyme (RNAP-Eo) locates and binds to the promoter

Answer 40

3,1,2

Question 41

RNA polymerase continues to incorporate nucleotides at which point the polymerase undergoes another conformational change and moves away from the promoter. This reaction is termed -

Answer 41

promoter clearance

Question 42

The enzyme polymerizes the ribonucleotides in the specific sequence dictated by the template strand and interpreted by what rules

Answer 42

Watson-Citck base-pairing rules

Question 43

During elongation, what is released following each cycle of polymerization

Answer 43

pyrophosphate (PPi)

Question 44

() provides access for the appropriate base pairing to the nucleotides of the coding strand

Answer 44

DNA unwinding

Question 45

RNA polymerase that catalyze the transcription of (1) rRNA (2) mRNA & miRNA (3) tRNA & 5s rRNA

Answer 45

(1) RNA polymerase I (2) RNA polymerase II (3) RNA polymerase III

Question 46

(True/False) RNA polymerase is responsible for almost all functions in RNA synthesis

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Fundamental function of RNA synthesis

Answer 47

formation of phosphodiester bond

Question 48

The degradation of pyrophosphate to () locks the reaction in the direction of RNA synthesis

Answer 48

orthophosphate

Question 49

(True/False) All steps of the Central Dogma is subject to modulation and potential sites for gene regulation

Answer 49

True