34 - Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function

Question 1

DNA synthesis

Answer 1

DNA replication

Question 2

RNA synthesis

Answer 2

Transcription

Question 3

Protein synthesis

Answer 3

Translation

Question 4

DNA (full name)

Answer 4

Deoxyribonucleotide acid

Question 5

4 monomeric deoxynucleotide units

Answer 5

1.) deoxyadenylate
2.) deoxyguanylate
3.) deoxycytidylate
4.) thymidylate

Question 6

Phosphate terminal of DNA

Answer 6

5’ - hydroxy

Question 7

Hydroxy terminal of DNA

Answer 7

3’ - phosphate

Question 8

Discovered the double stranded helix

Answer 8

Watson and Crick

Question 9

Non-coding strand that is the one being copies during RNA synthesis

Answer 9

Template strand

Question 10

Matches the sequence of the RNA transcript that encodes the protein

Answer 10

Coding strand

Question 11

Base bonding that contains 3 hydrogen bonds

Stronger bond allows it to be slightly resistant to melting at high temps and denaturation

Answer 11

Guanine and Cytosine bond

Question 12

Number of hydrogen bond(s) between Adenine and Thymine

Answer 12

2 - hydrogen bonds

Question 13

Occurs when there is a n increase in the optical absorbance of purine bases

Answer 13

Denaturation

Question 14

Separated strands can reassociate at appropriate physiologic conditions by manipulating temperature and salt concentration

Answer 14

Renaturation

Question 15

often referred to as the concept of hybridization

Answer 15

Reannealing process

Question 16

Techniques that use the concept of hybridization

Answer 16

Southern and Northern Blot Techniques

Question 17

DNA exists in what forms?

Answer 17

(1) Relaxed
(2) Supercoiled
(3) Negative supercoils

Question 18

Enzyme that catalyze topological changes in the DNA by relaxing or inserting supercoils

used in cancer therapy

Answer 18

Topoisomerases

Question 19

Replication process of the DNA where each strand of the parental DNA serves as the template and second strand of the daughter DNA

Answer 19

Semi-conservative process

Question 20

Difference between DNA and RNA

• sugar moiety
• pyrimidine components
• structure
• base pairing

Answer 20

Question 21

Can form many secondary structures by folding over, forming hairpin loops stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds between complementary bases

Answer 21

Single stranded RNA

Question 22

Classes of RNA

Answer 22

• Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• Small RNA

Question 23

Most heterogenous RNA in abundance, size, and stability

Answer 23

messenger RNA

Question 24

Is the addition of a guanine nucleotide with a methyl (CH3) group to the 5’ end;

Increases the stability of the mRNA and assists in the binding of the mRNA to the ribosome for translation

Answer 24

5’ cap

Question 25

The addition of 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides to the 3' end Increases the stability of many mRNA molecules depending on the proteins that attach to it

Answer 25

poly(A) tail

Question 26

(1) When DNA is copied as a whole (2) when only a portion of the DNA is copied

Answer 26

(1) DNA replication (2) DNA transcription to mRNA

Question 27

base-pairs of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA

Answer 27

codon

Question 28

In the triplet codon, the third AA is referred to as

Answer 28

wobble

Question 29

enzymes that attach the correct amino acid to each tRNA

Answer 29

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Question 30

Complementary bases of the codon on the tRNA

Answer 30

anti-codon

Question 31

Serve as molecular adaptors that bind to mRNA on one end and carry amino acids into position on the other

Answer 31

tRNA

Question 32

rRNAs produced by cleavage and modification of initial transcripts

Answer 32

Mature rRNAs

Question 33

Provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids

Answer 33

rRNA

Question 34

How does rRNA interact with tRNAs during translation

Answer 34

by providing peptidyl transferase activity

Question 35

bring the necessary AA corresponding to the appropriate mRNA codon

Answer 35

tRNAs

Question 36

Answer 36

* orange split - mRNA * pink balls - tRNA (carries the amino acid) * big violet ball - ribosome that contains the rRNA

Question 37

Non-coding RNA gene

Answer 37

small RNA

Question 38

Major types of small RNA molecules - their major function

Answer 38

1.) small nuclear RNA (snRNA) - involved in mRNA splicing 2.) small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) -directs modification of rRNAs 3.) micro RNA (miRNA) and short interfeing RNA (siRNA) - regulate gene ecpression

Question 39

Widely used in functional genomics

Answer 39

sRNAs

Question 40

Holds a single strand of DNA together

Answer 40

phosphodiester bonds

Question 41

Enzyme: (1) specific for DNA (2) specific for RNA

Answer 41

(1) Deoxyribonucleases (2) Ribonucleases

Question 42

Degrade both RNA and DNA; cleave internal phosphodiester bonds to produce either 3'-hydroxyl and 5-phosphoryl terminates or vice versa

Answer 42

Endonucleases

Question 43

Recognize specific sequences in DNA

Answer 43

Restriction endonucleases

Question 44

Pyrimidine components include adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine. DNA or RNA?

Answer 44

DNA

Question 45

Double stranded – DNA or RNA?

Answer 45

DNA

Question 46

Can be hydrolyzed by alkali – DNA or RNA?

Answer 46

RNA

Question 47

What RNA molecules serve as molecular adaptors that bind to mRNA on one end and carry amino acids into position on the other?

Answer 47

tRNA

Question 48

What type of RNA is the most heterogeneous in abundance, size and stability?

Answer 48

mRNA

Question 49

The two strands of the double-helical molecule, each possess a polarity, are A. Antiparallel B. Constitutive C. Denatured D. Complementary

Answer 49

A. antiparallel

Question 50

Information resides in the sequence of nucleotide on the complementary strand A. Coding strand B. Template strand C. promoter sequence

Answer 50

B. Template strand

Question 51

Concomitant with the denaturation of the DNA molecule is an increase in the optical absorbance of the purine and pyrimidine bases, a phenomenon called A. Complementarity B. Hyperchromicity C. Absorbance D. Spectrophotometry

Answer 51

B. Hyperchromicity

Question 52

During periods of active protein synthesis, many ribosomes can be associated with any mRNA molecule to for an assembly called A. Ribozymes B. Histones C. Polysome D. Nucleosome

Answer 52

C. Polysome

Question 53

When the DNA molecule is twisted in the direction opposite from the clockwise turns of the right handed double helix found in B-DNA, you form supercoils A. Triple helix B. Double helix C. Negative supercoils

Answer 53

C. Negative Supercoils