ch 2.1

Question 1

T/F?

bc of the hypodermics skin is able to slide over muscles

Answer 1

true

Question 2

when we wear leather shoes or jackets, we are wearing the hide of an animal. this corresponds the ___ in humans

Answer 2

dermis

Question 3

the reticular later of the dermis is made of ______ connective tissue

Answer 3

dense irregular

Question 4

sensory receptors in the dermal papillae are the primary sensors for pain, heat, and cold are called ___

Answer 4

nerve endings

Question 5

T/F?

like the reticular later, the papillary layer also includes collagen and elastin

Answer 5

true

Question 6

t/f?

the hypodermics is not technically a layer of the skin

Answer 6

true

Question 7

T/F?

flexure lines can be found in the wrists, fingers, toes, and soles

Answer 7

true

Question 8

which layer of the dermis has its collagen and elastin fibers arranged in a loosely woven mat with many blood vessels running through it?

Answer 8

papillary

Question 9

t/f?

flexible lines in the palm can provide reliable information about a persons expected lifespan

Answer 9

false

Question 10

stretch marks are white or red lines caused by rapid weight gain such as that during pregnancy. the marks exist in areas where the ___ has been torn

Answer 10

dermis

Question 11

t/f?
skin cells produce enzymes that can disarm cancer causing chemicals that penetrate the epidermis and also activate the steroid hormones

Answer 11

true

Question 12

failing body temperature will cause blood vessels near the skin to ___ in an attempt to conserve heat and warm the body

Answer 12

constrict

Question 13

sensory receptors that respond to stimuli from outside the body are called ___.

Answer 13

exteroreceptors

Question 14

t/f?

cutaneous sensory receptors are part of the nervous system

Answer 14

true

Question 15

t/f?

most nitrogen containing waste products are excreted from the body through the skin

Answer 15

false

Question 16

what is known as a “bed sore”?

Answer 16

decubitous

Question 17

separations between collagen bundles in the reticular later of the dermis give surgeons lines to follow when making incisions. these are called ___ lines

Answer 17

cleavage

Question 18

areas where the dermis is more tightly secured to deeper structures from folds more commonly known as ___ lines

Answer 18

flexure

Question 19

which skin later anchors the skin to the muscles beneath it?

Answer 19

hypodermis

Question 20

fingerprints arise from epidermal ridges which are cause by underlying projections from the ___ layer of the dermis

Answer 20

papillary

Question 21

t/f?

epidermal ridge patterns caused by underlying dermal papillae do not change with growth and aging

Answer 21

true

Question 22

the sensory receptors found in the papillary layer in the dermis that are sensitive to light and touch are called___ corpuscles.

Answer 22

meissners

Question 23

t/f?

like the reticular layer, the papillary layer also includes collagen and elastin

Answer 23

true

Question 24

t/f?
surgical incisions made along cleavage lines are more likely to leave a scar than incisions made at an angle to those lines

Answer 24

false

Question 25

when sweat on the surface of the skin evaporates, body temperature will___

Answer 25

fall

Question 26

skin cells produce an enzyme called ___, which aids the natural turnover of collagen in the skin, thus deterring the formation of wrinkles

Answer 26

collagenase

Question 27

in which layer of the dermis are phagocytes able to freely wander and patrol the area for invaders that may have penetrated the skin?

Answer 27

reticular

Question 28

what does the dermis have a rich supply of?

Answer 28

veins , arteries , nerves , and lymphatic vessels

Question 29

the network of blood vessels deep in the reticular layer that nourishes the entire dermis is called the ___

Answer 29

cutaneous plexus

Question 30

which layer of the dermis had collagen fibers running mostly parallel to the skins surface?

Answer 30

reticular

Question 31

the bumps in the upper layer of the dermis that are responsible for the formation of fingerprints are called____

Answer 31

dermal papillae

Question 32

rising body temperature will cause blood vessels near the skin surface to ___ in an attempt to release heat to the environment and cool the body

Answer 32

dilate

Question 33

the hypodermis is made mostly of ___ tissue

Answer 33

fat

Question 33

the dermal sublayer that is immediately superficial to the hypodermis is the ___ layer

Answer 33

reticular

Question 34

the dermal layer of skin has __ sublayers and the epidermal layer has __ sublayers

Answer 34

2 & 5

Question 35

"superficial fascia" is another term for the ___

Answer 35

hypodermis

Question 36

t/f? | if blood is needed in a particular part of the body, it can be diverted from other areas such as the skin.

Answer 36

true

Question 37

t/f? | laser tattoo removal can target pigments of several different colors simultaneously

Answer 37

false

Question 38

long term risks are associated with the quantity and type of pigment left in the skin producing the tattoo. for example, degradation products of ___ compounds have been found to be carcinogenic (cancer-causing)

Answer 38

azo

Question 39

t/f? | tattoos have been around for at least 5000 years?

Answer 39

true

Question 40

into which layer of the skin are pigment particles injected during the tattooing process?

Answer 40

dermis

Question 41

although pigment particles in tattoo ink are recognized as foreign invaders, the ink remains in the skin because the pigment particles are too ___ for ___ in the papillary layer of the dermis to destroy

Answer 41

large, macrophages

Question 42

as keratinocytes in the epidermis are born and move upward, they undergo a controlled cell death. this process is called___

Answer 42

apoptosis

Question 43

blisters form between the ___ (below) and ___ (above)

Answer 43

dermis & epidermis

Question 44

in the stratum basale, new keratinocyte cells are born through the process of ___.

Answer 44

mitosis

Question 45

a fluid filled pocket between the dermis and epidermis cause by burns or repeated friction is called a ___

Answer 45

blisters

Question 46

the tough, fibrous protein that is the main component of epidermal cells is ___.

Answer 46

keratin

Question 47

a callus that has become cone-shaped and protrudes to the skin, causing pain is called a ___

Answer 47

corn

Question 48

the ___ layer consists of 3-5 layers of thin, flat, mostly dead keratinocytes

Answer 48

stratum granulosum

Question 49

what substance accumulates on the "sunny side" of a keratinocyte, protecting the DNA in its nucleus from the suns UV rays?

Answer 49

melanin

Question 50

when comparing types of epithelial cells, the term that means "one layer" is ___

Answer 50

simple

Question 51

the receptors that sense light touch and are especially abundant in the stratum basale of the hands and feet are called ___

Answer 51

merkel cells

Question 52

in the stratum basale, new keratinocyte cells are born through the process of ___

Answer 52

mitosis

Question 53

cells that make the pigment melanin are called ___

Answer 53

melanocytes

Question 54

epithelial cells that have a flattened shape are referred to as ___

Answer 54

squamous

Question 55

___ cells in the stratum spinosum are responsible for engulfing any bacteria, foreign particles, or damaged cells they find in this layer

Answer 55

Langerhans

Question 56

the ___ consists of 20-30 layers of dry, dead, keratin filled cells with glycolipids acting as the mortar between them

Answer 56

stratum corneum

Question 57

which layer of the epidermis consists of a single to of activity dividing keratinocyte stem cells?

Answer 57

stratum basale

Question 58

in the stratum basale, each keratinocyte ___ cell divides, producing two ___ cells. one of these migrates upward and the other remains behind to divide again

Answer 58

stem, daughter

Question 59

the most superficial layer of the epidermis is called the ___

Answer 59

stratum corneum

Question 60

"thick skin" does not contain which epidermal layer?

Answer 60

stratum lucidum

Question 61

"thick skin" is skin that contains the ___, such that of the palms, soles, fingers, and toes

Answer 61

stratum lucidum

Question 62

___ refers to the shingle like remnants of the stratum corneum sloughed off by the skin on the scalp

Answer 62

Dandruff

Question 63

in the stratum ___, keratinocytes appear to have prickly borders due to being pulled right at the desmosomes by which they connect with adjacent cells

Answer 63

spinosum

Question 64

the bumps under the layer of the dermis that are responsible for the formation of fingerprints are called___

Answer 64

dermal papillae

Question 65

T/F? | modern humans evolved from africa and then migrated throughout the world

Answer 65

true

Question 66

the birth defects anencephaly and spina bifida are linked to a deficiency of ___ in the diet. this is related to the skin because ___ helps prevent this vitamin from being degraded from UV rays

Answer 66

folate, melanin

Question 67

the median age at which people are diagnosed with melanoma is 63. this is evidence that skin cancer may not explain the strong selective pressure for dark skin in high UV areas because people of that are past their ___ years and have already passed on their genes to their offspring

Answer 67

childbearing

Question 68

people with lighter skin have a survival and reproductive advantage in a ___ UV environment

Answer 68

low

Question 69

inherited traits that provide a survival and reproductive advantage in a particular environment are ___ likely to be passed on to the next generation and thus become ___ common over time

Answer 69

more, more

Question 70

rockets is a bone disease caused by deficiency of the mineral ___. Production of ___ in the skin is necessary for the absorption of this important mineral

Answer 70

calcium, vitamin D

Question 71

t/f? | UV intensity predicts skin color for non indigenous populations

Answer 71

false

Question 72

bronzing of the skin is characteristic of Addison's disease, a condition in which the adrenal cortex fails to produce which two steroid hormones?

Answer 72

aldosterone & cortisol

Question 73

on which side of the keratinocyte does melanin accumulate?

Answer 73

on the side most directly hit by the suns UV rays

Question 74

the yellowish red form of the melanin pigment is called ___

Answer 74

pheomelanin

Question 75

t/f? | jaundice is a common condition for both pre term and full term newborns

Answer 75

true

Question 76

The deepest epidermal layer in which melanocytes are found is the stratum ___ , followed by the stratum ___

Answer 76

basale, spinosum

Question 77

melanosomes full of ___ are transported to surrounding ___ where melanin acts to protect the nucleus and the DNA it contains

Answer 77

melanin, kertinocytes

Question 78

the brownish -black form of the melanin pigment is called ___

Answer 78

eumelanin

Question 79

t/f? | whether you be tan or burn in the sun is determined by your skin type

Answer 79

true

Question 80

blood loss, low blood pressure, anemia, or emotional stress can cause a whitening of the skin called ___

Answer 80

blanching

Question 81

t/f? | melanocytes of darker skinned people produce more eumelanin and their keratinocytes retain it longer

Answer 81

true

Question 82

excessive UV exposure causes ___ fibers in the skin to clump which leads to the appearance of wrinkles

Answer 82

elastin

Question 83

in a person with jaundice, the ___ is unable to recycle red blood cells and break down bilirubin quickly enough

Answer 83

liver

Question 84

in the ABCDE rule for evaluating moles, the A stands for ___

Answer 84

Asymmetry

Question 85

there is not a significant increase in UV protection for sunscreens beyond an SPF rating of ___

Answer 85

30

Question 86

t/f? | UV exposure can come from tanning beds

Answer 86

true

Question 87

t/f? | a single use of tanning bed increases the risk for developing skin cancer by 20%

Answer 87

true

Question 88

skin cancer is an abnormal growth of ___ cells

Answer 88

epithelial

Question 89

the ABCDE rule is used to evaluate __ to determine whether or not they are cancerous

Answer 89

moles

Question 90

most sunscreens are effective for up to ___ hours

Answer 90

2

Question 91

t/f? | epithelial cells divide quickly and many skin cancers develop quickly

Answer 91

true

Question 92

t/f? | all sunscreens block both UV-B and UV- A radiation

Answer 92

false