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Honors A&P > ch 2.1 > Flashcards

ch 2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F?

bc of the hypodermics skin is able to slide over muscles

A

true

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2
Q

when we wear leather shoes or jackets, we are wearing the hide of an animal. this corresponds the ___ in humans

A

dermis

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3
Q

the reticular later of the dermis is made of ______ connective tissue

A

dense irregular

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4
Q

sensory receptors in the dermal papillae are the primary sensors for pain, heat, and cold are called ___

A

nerve endings

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5
Q

T/F?

like the reticular later, the papillary layer also includes collagen and elastin

A

true

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6
Q

t/f?

the hypodermics is not technically a layer of the skin

A

true

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7
Q

T/F?

flexure lines can be found in the wrists, fingers, toes, and soles

A

true

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8
Q

which layer of the dermis has its collagen and elastin fibers arranged in a loosely woven mat with many blood vessels running through it?

A

papillary

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9
Q

t/f?

flexible lines in the palm can provide reliable information about a persons expected lifespan

A

false

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10
Q

stretch marks are white or red lines caused by rapid weight gain such as that during pregnancy. the marks exist in areas where the ___ has been torn

A

dermis

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11
Q

t/f?
skin cells produce enzymes that can disarm cancer causing chemicals that penetrate the epidermis and also activate the steroid hormones

A

true

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12
Q

failing body temperature will cause blood vessels near the skin to ___ in an attempt to conserve heat and warm the body

A

constrict

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13
Q

sensory receptors that respond to stimuli from outside the body are called ___.

A

exteroreceptors

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14
Q

t/f?

cutaneous sensory receptors are part of the nervous system

A

true

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15
Q

t/f?

most nitrogen containing waste products are excreted from the body through the skin

A

false

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16
Q

what is known as a “bed sore”?

A

decubitous

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17
Q

separations between collagen bundles in the reticular later of the dermis give surgeons lines to follow when making incisions. these are called ___ lines

A

cleavage

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18
Q

areas where the dermis is more tightly secured to deeper structures from folds more commonly known as ___ lines

A

flexure

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19
Q

which skin later anchors the skin to the muscles beneath it?

A

hypodermis

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20
Q

fingerprints arise from epidermal ridges which are cause by underlying projections from the ___ layer of the dermis

A

papillary

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21
Q

t/f?

epidermal ridge patterns caused by underlying dermal papillae do not change with growth and aging

A

true

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22
Q

the sensory receptors found in the papillary layer in the dermis that are sensitive to light and touch are called___ corpuscles.

A

meissners

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23
Q

t/f?

like the reticular layer, the papillary layer also includes collagen and elastin

A

true

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24
Q

t/f?
surgical incisions made along cleavage lines are more likely to leave a scar than incisions made at an angle to those lines

A

false

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25
Q

when sweat on the surface of the skin evaporates, body temperature will___

A

fall

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26
Q

skin cells produce an enzyme called ___, which aids the natural turnover of collagen in the skin, thus deterring the formation of wrinkles

A

collagenase

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27
Q

in which layer of the dermis are phagocytes able to freely wander and patrol the area for invaders that may have penetrated the skin?

A

reticular

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28
Q

what does the dermis have a rich supply of?

A

veins , arteries , nerves , and lymphatic vessels

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29
Q

the network of blood vessels deep in the reticular layer that nourishes the entire dermis is called the ___

A

cutaneous plexus

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30
Q

which layer of the dermis had collagen fibers running mostly parallel to the skins surface?

A

reticular

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31
Q

the bumps in the upper layer of the dermis that are responsible for the formation of fingerprints are called____

A

dermal papillae

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32
Q

rising body temperature will cause blood vessels near the skin surface to ___ in an attempt to release heat to the environment and cool the body

A

dilate

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33
Q

the hypodermis is made mostly of ___ tissue

A

fat

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33
Q

the dermal sublayer that is immediately superficial to the hypodermis is the ___ layer

A

reticular

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34
Q

the dermal layer of skin has __ sublayers and the epidermal layer has __ sublayers

A

2 & 5

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35
Q

“superficial fascia” is another term for the ___

A

hypodermis

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36
Q

t/f?

if blood is needed in a particular part of the body, it can be diverted from other areas such as the skin.

A

true

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37
Q

t/f?

laser tattoo removal can target pigments of several different colors simultaneously

A

false

38
Q

long term risks are associated with the quantity and type of pigment left in the skin producing the tattoo. for example, degradation products of ___ compounds have been found to be carcinogenic (cancer-causing)

A

azo

39
Q

t/f?

tattoos have been around for at least 5000 years?

A

true

40
Q

into which layer of the skin are pigment particles injected during the tattooing process?

A

dermis

41
Q

although pigment particles in tattoo ink are recognized as foreign invaders, the ink remains in the skin because the pigment particles are too ___ for ___ in the papillary layer of the dermis to destroy

A

large, macrophages

42
Q

as keratinocytes in the epidermis are born and move upward, they undergo a controlled cell death. this process is called___

A

apoptosis

43
Q

blisters form between the ___ (below) and ___ (above)

A

dermis & epidermis

44
Q

in the stratum basale, new keratinocyte cells are born through the process of ___.

A

mitosis

45
Q

a fluid filled pocket between the dermis and epidermis cause by burns or repeated friction is called a ___

A

blisters

46
Q

the tough, fibrous protein that is the main component of epidermal cells is ___.

A

keratin

47
Q

a callus that has become cone-shaped and protrudes to the skin, causing pain is called a ___

A

corn

48
Q

the ___ layer consists of 3-5 layers of thin, flat, mostly dead keratinocytes

A

stratum granulosum

49
Q

what substance accumulates on the “sunny side” of a keratinocyte, protecting the DNA in its nucleus from the suns UV rays?

A

melanin

50
Q

when comparing types of epithelial cells, the term that means “one layer” is ___

A

simple

51
Q

the receptors that sense light touch and are especially abundant in the stratum basale of the hands and feet are called ___

A

merkel cells

52
Q

in the stratum basale, new keratinocyte cells are born through the process of ___

A

mitosis

53
Q

cells that make the pigment melanin are called ___

A

melanocytes

54
Q

epithelial cells that have a flattened shape are referred to as ___

A

squamous

55
Q

___ cells in the stratum spinosum are responsible for engulfing any bacteria, foreign particles, or damaged cells they find in this layer

A

Langerhans

56
Q

the ___ consists of 20-30 layers of dry, dead, keratin filled cells with glycolipids acting as the mortar between them

A

stratum corneum

57
Q

which layer of the epidermis consists of a single to of activity dividing keratinocyte stem cells?

A

stratum basale

58
Q

in the stratum basale, each keratinocyte ___ cell divides, producing two ___ cells. one of these migrates upward and the other remains behind to divide again

A

stem, daughter

59
Q

the most superficial layer of the epidermis is called the ___

A

stratum corneum

60
Q

“thick skin” does not contain which epidermal layer?

A

stratum lucidum

61
Q

“thick skin” is skin that contains the ___, such that of the palms, soles, fingers, and toes

A

stratum lucidum

62
Q

___ refers to the shingle like remnants of the stratum corneum sloughed off by the skin on the scalp

A

Dandruff

63
Q

in the stratum ___, keratinocytes appear to have prickly borders due to being pulled right at the desmosomes by which they connect with adjacent cells

A

spinosum

64
Q

the bumps under the layer of the dermis that are responsible for the formation of fingerprints are called___

A

dermal papillae

65
Q

T/F?

modern humans evolved from africa and then migrated throughout the world

A

true

66
Q

the birth defects anencephaly and spina bifida are linked to a deficiency of ___ in the diet. this is related to the skin because ___ helps prevent this vitamin from being degraded from UV rays

A

folate, melanin

67
Q

the median age at which people are diagnosed with melanoma is 63. this is evidence that skin cancer may not explain the strong selective pressure for dark skin in high UV areas because people of that are past their ___ years and have already passed on their genes to their offspring

A

childbearing

68
Q

people with lighter skin have a survival and reproductive advantage in a ___ UV environment

A

low

69
Q

inherited traits that provide a survival and reproductive advantage in a particular environment are ___ likely to be passed on to the next generation and thus become ___ common over time

A

more, more

70
Q

rockets is a bone disease caused by deficiency of the mineral ___. Production of ___ in the skin is necessary for the absorption of this important mineral

A

calcium, vitamin D

71
Q

t/f?

UV intensity predicts skin color for non indigenous populations

A

false

72
Q

bronzing of the skin is characteristic of Addison’s disease, a condition in which the adrenal cortex fails to produce which two steroid hormones?

A

aldosterone & cortisol

73
Q

on which side of the keratinocyte does melanin accumulate?

A

on the side most directly hit by the suns UV rays

74
Q

the yellowish red form of the melanin pigment is called ___

A

pheomelanin

75
Q

t/f?

jaundice is a common condition for both pre term and full term newborns

A

true

76
Q

The deepest epidermal layer in which melanocytes are found is the stratum ___ , followed by the stratum ___

A

basale, spinosum

77
Q

melanosomes full of ___ are transported to surrounding ___ where melanin acts to protect the nucleus and the DNA it contains

A

melanin, kertinocytes

78
Q

the brownish -black form of the melanin pigment is called ___

A

eumelanin

79
Q

t/f?

whether you be tan or burn in the sun is determined by your skin type

A

true

80
Q

blood loss, low blood pressure, anemia, or emotional stress can cause a whitening of the skin called ___

A

blanching

81
Q

t/f?

melanocytes of darker skinned people produce more eumelanin and their keratinocytes retain it longer

A

true

82
Q

excessive UV exposure causes ___ fibers in the skin to clump which leads to the appearance of wrinkles

A

elastin

83
Q

in a person with jaundice, the ___ is unable to recycle red blood cells and break down bilirubin quickly enough

A

liver

84
Q

in the ABCDE rule for evaluating moles, the A stands for ___

A

Asymmetry

85
Q

there is not a significant increase in UV protection for sunscreens beyond an SPF rating of ___

A

30

86
Q

t/f?

UV exposure can come from tanning beds

A

true

87
Q

t/f?

a single use of tanning bed increases the risk for developing skin cancer by 20%

A

true

88
Q

skin cancer is an abnormal growth of ___ cells

A

epithelial

89
Q

the ABCDE rule is used to evaluate __ to determine whether or not they are cancerous

A

moles

90
Q

most sunscreens are effective for up to ___ hours

A

2

91
Q

t/f?

epithelial cells divide quickly and many skin cancers develop quickly

A

true

92
Q

t/f?

all sunscreens block both UV-B and UV- A radiation

A

false

Honors A&P (4 decks)

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