Ch 1.1 how learning/memory works

Question 1

T/F
Information that we can fit into an existing neural network (by recalling what we already know about the subject) is more easily encoded than brand new information

Answer 1

TRUE

Question 2

T/F

All students experience approximately the same level of exam anxiety

Answer 2

TRUE

Question 3

T/F

you’re brain is capable of concentrating on two tasks at the same time

Answer 3

FALSE

Question 4

Growth/Fixed mindset?
Your primary desire is to look smart. you mostly stick with what you know in order to avoid challenge and the possibility of failure

Answer 4

FIXED MINDSET

Question 5

T/F?
conquering the procrastination habit ultimately boils down to dealing with unpleasant feelings and confronting something you don’t want to do instead of avoiding it

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

T/F?
reading a chapter from a textbook or your notes from class over and over can create feelings of fluency of familiarity , which is a good indicator that you have learned the material.

Answer 6

FALSE

Question 7

During sleep, the hippocampus and the ___ are repeatedly activated, thus driving the consolidation of declarative memory into long-term storage.

Answer 7

CORTEX

Question 8

T/F?

reading a chapter over and over again is a good way to develop mastery of the material

Answer 8

FALSE

Question 9

T/F?

You will learn more effectively if you are taught or study using your preferred style

Answer 9

FALSE

Question 10

T/F?
It is possible to feel like you have learned a particular chunk of information when you are really just familiar with it because you’ve seen it a certain way several times

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

During sleep, memories of recently acquired information are transferred from the anterior hippocampus to the ___ for long-term storage

Answer 11

Cortex / cerebral cortex

Question 12

T/F?

test anxiety is a brain disease

Answer 12

FALSE

Question 13

The parts of the brain that encode and consolidate procedural memories such as how to ride a bike, drive a car, or play the piano are the ___ and the ___.

Answer 13

basal ganglia & cerebellum

Question 14

Good or bad study strategy?

Not checking with your teachers or classmates to clear up points of confusion.

Answer 14

BAD study strategy

Question 15

___ can both assess what you do and do not know as well as strengthen the memory of the information you are trying to recall?

Answer 15

Testing or Retrieval Practice

Question 16

Which component of memory is most like a computers central processing unit (CPU) ?

Answer 16

Working Memory

Question 17

When your brain “feels full” and you can no longer process incoming information l, it is because you have exceeded the capacity of your ___

Answer 17

Working memory

Question 18

T/F?
The most effective retrieval practice schedule is one in which testing sessions are spread out increasingly longer time intervals between each attempt

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

The technique most commonly used by memory champions such as those who can memorize an entire deck of cards in 60 seconds is the ___.

Answer 19

Memory Palace

Question 20

T/F?

You should highlight very little, and never highlight anything that you haven’t put in your mind first by recalling.

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

The idea that retrieval practice strengthens learning by forcing you to activate the neural networks involved and storing a particular chunk of information is called the ___.

Answer 21

testing effect

Question 22

T/F?

taking out a blank sheet of information and organizing your ideas into a concept map is a form of interleaving.

Answer 22

FALSE

Question 23

___ can both assess what you do and don’t know as well as strengthen the memory of the information you are trying to recall?

Answer 23

testing/ retrieval practice

Question 24

Which learning strategy is best for helping you problem-solve obstacles to studying in advance?

Answer 24

Visualizing the steps required to earn a high grade

Question 25

T/F?

The more you already know about a concept, the better the “Explain and Elaborate” strategy works

Answer 25

TRUE

Question 26

The learning strategy in which you ask yourself “how” and “why” questions throughout your study session and then come up with explanations and examples in your own words is called ___ and ___.

Answer 26

Explain and elaborate

Question 27

the tiny projections that allow one neuron to receive signals from the previous neuron are called ___.

Answer 27

Dendrites

Question 28

A neural network in the brain represents what?

Answer 28

a chunk of information stored in long-term memory

Question 29

T/F?
As new experiences accumulate, the brain creates more connections and pathways between neurons, making it easier to access and integrate many different types of knowledge.

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

T/F?

Writing information into memory actually increases the number or strength of the connections between brain cells.

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

T/F?
Activating a neural network over and over again cause electrical impulses to be transmitted more quickly between neurons in the network, which makes it fast and easier to retrieve the chunk of information that the network represents in the future

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

When learning occurs, brain cells undergo lasting chemical and physical changes

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

Good or bad study strategy?

Repeatedly solving problems of the same type that you already know how to solve

Answer 33

BAD study strategy

Question 34

T/F?
Long term memories are stored throughout the cortex according to what information they contain (visual, verbal, spatial, etc.)

Answer 34

TRUE

Question 35

the ___ is the part of the brain that handles working memory

Answer 35

prefrontal cortex

Question 36

Growth or fixed mindset?

when you fail, you respond by trying harder or by learning the skills you need to be successful

Answer 36

Growth Mindset

Question 37

T/F?
once created, connections between neurons in a network will be maintained even if the neurons involved are not regularly sending and receiving signals

Answer 37

FALSE

Question 38

T/F?
with memory consolidation, the synapses between the neurons that comprise a particular network become physically stronger

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

Brain cells are called ___.

Answer 39

Neurons

Question 40

the initial processing and transferring of information from one type of memory to another is called ___.

Answer 40

encoding

Question 41

T/F?
If information is temporarily retained in working memory through repetition, but not transferred to long term memory, learning has NOT occurred.

Answer 41

TRUE

Question 42

which component of memory can hold and manipulate 5-9 chunks of information simultaneously for 5 seconds to 20 minutes, depending on how much that information is rehearsed or repeated?

Answer 42

working memory

Question 43

which component of memory acts as a filter for the continual stream of input from things we see, hear, touch, taste and smell?

Answer 43

sensory memory

Question 44

Which component of memory is most like a computers processing unit (CPU)?

Answer 44

Working memory

Question 45

Growth or fixed mindset?

you believe that the cards you were dealt in life are a starting point, not a dead end.

Answer 45

Growth mindset

Question 46

good or bad study strategy?

excessive highlighting

Answer 46

BAD study strategy

Question 47

T/F?

each neuron makes thousands of connections with other neurons

Answer 47

TRUE

Question 48

A neural network in the brain represents what?

Answer 48

a chunk of information stored in long term memory

Question 49

T/F?

if a chunk of information cannot be retrieved when it is needed, then the information was never really learned

Answer 49

TRUE

Question 50

T/F?
The brain organizes and reorganizes itself in response to new information and experiences, creating new memories prompted by experience, education or training

Answer 50

TRUE

Question 51

as information newly encoded into long term memory is repeatedly retrieved and used, ___ occurs (mostly while you ___) .

Answer 51

consolidation, sleep

Question 52

The biochemical process through which memory consolidation occurs is called ___ . It occurs when the same group of neurons fire together so often they become permanently sensitized to each other.

Answer 52

long term potentiation

Question 53

learning is the act or process of transferring information from ones ___ memory to ones ___ memory so that it can be retrieved and applied when needed.

Answer 53

Working , long-term

Question 54

which component of memory serves as our knowledge archive, having the ability to store unlimited amounts of information for an indefinite period of time

Answer 54

long term memory

Question 55

T/F?

technology now exists that allows us to see the neural networks in the brain

Answer 55

TRUE

Question 56

T/F?
comprehending, processing and encoding new information places a heavy cognitive load on ones working memory, especially if the information being learned is completely unfamiliar

Answer 56

TRUE

Question 57

T/F?

Long term memories are stored throughout the cortex depending on what information they contain

Answer 57

TRUE

Question 58

good or bad study strategy?

thinking you can learn deeply when being constantly distracted

Answer 58

BAD study strategy

Question 59

good or bad study strategy?

not reading the textbook before you start working through questions or problems

Answer 59

BAD study strategy

Question 60

which of the following explains how interleaving works?

Answer 60

• because you are mixing up problems, the various solutions you try to apply to remain fresh in your working memory
• by encountering different problem types, you get practice identifying the correct solution method for each one.
• it encourages comparisons between the problems, which can help you find the right solution

Question 61

taking out a blank sheet of paper and writing down everything you can remember about a topic is a form of ___.

Answer 61

retrieval practice

Question 62

the points of connection between one neural network to the other are called ___.

Answer 62

axons

Question 63

the tiny projections that allow one neuron to receive signals from the previous neuron are called ___.

Answer 63

dendrites

Question 64

which of the following may cut down on procrastination?

Answer 64

• having shorter deadlines
• breaking up a large task into smaller pieces.
• understanding that getting things done is a way to get rid of the stress you are feeling
• acknowledging your feelings about whatever it is that you have to do

Question 65

which component of memory stores information for a very brief period of time (from 0.5-3 seconds) and immediately discards 99% of the input it receives?

Answer 65

sensory memory

Question 66

the current model of human learning and memory used by educational physiologists; describes memory as having 3 components: sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory.

Answer 66

Information processing theory

Question 67

communication between neurons in a network is

Answer 67

both chemical and electrical

Question 68

T/F?

you should always study in the same place

Answer 68

FALSE

Question 69

T/F?
learning is more durable when you expand the gaps between your tests because your brain doesn’t have to work as hard to find the right answer

Answer 69

FALSE

Question 70

Students tend to prefer blocked practice because…

Answer 70

• it creates a sense of fluency or familiarity, which results in a feeling of confidence that you’ve mastered the problem or topic.
• problem solving becomes easier because you are using the same strategy over and over

Question 71

when you make things hard on yourself, but in a good way, you are creating ___

Answer 71

desirable difficulties

Question 72

a meaningful unit of information is called a ___.

Answer 72

chunk

Question 73

whenever you complete a small task, your brain releases the hormone ___ which makes you experience feelings of pleasure, reward and accomplishment.

Answer 73

dopamine

Question 74

synaptic pruning eliminates weak or ineffective connections between neurons through a process called ___ in which neurons self- destruct.

Answer 74

apoptosis

Question 75

the destruction of synapses in a neural network that is not regularly sending and receiving signals is called ___

Answer 75

synaptic pruning

Question 76

long term potentiation involves a cascade of chemical reactions that ultimately results in ___ becoming larger and increasing their number of synaptic receptors

Answer 76

dendrites

Question 77

the part of the brain that encodes and consolidates the emotional components of a memory is the ___

Answer 77

amygdala

Question 78

only the information that you choose to __________ will be transferred from sensory memory to working memory

Answer 78

pay attention to

Question 79

which practice improves learning by bringing more oxygen and nutrients to brain tissue?

Answer 79

studying while being active

Question 80

the point of connection between one neuron and the next is called a ___

Answer 80

synapse

Question 81

the memorization technique that works best for lists, steps, and groupings for information is ____

Answer 81

menumonics

Question 82

Procedural memory is consolidated during ___ sleep, which is more similar to waking brain activity

Answer 82

R.E.M.