Ch 1.1 how learning/memory works Flashcards
T/F
Information that we can fit into an existing neural network (by recalling what we already know about the subject) is more easily encoded than brand new information
TRUE
T/F
All students experience approximately the same level of exam anxiety
TRUE
T/F
you’re brain is capable of concentrating on two tasks at the same time
FALSE
Growth/Fixed mindset?
Your primary desire is to look smart. you mostly stick with what you know in order to avoid challenge and the possibility of failure
FIXED MINDSET
T/F?
conquering the procrastination habit ultimately boils down to dealing with unpleasant feelings and confronting something you don’t want to do instead of avoiding it
TRUE
T/F? reading a chapter from a textbook or your notes from class over and over can create feelings of fluency of familiarity , which is a good indicator that you have learned the material.
FALSE
During sleep, the hippocampus and the ___ are repeatedly activated, thus driving the consolidation of declarative memory into long-term storage.
CORTEX
T/F?
reading a chapter over and over again is a good way to develop mastery of the material
FALSE
T/F?
You will learn more effectively if you are taught or study using your preferred style
FALSE
T/F?
It is possible to feel like you have learned a particular chunk of information when you are really just familiar with it because you’ve seen it a certain way several times
TRUE
During sleep, memories of recently acquired information are transferred from the anterior hippocampus to the ___ for long-term storage
Cortex / cerebral cortex
T/F?
test anxiety is a brain disease
FALSE
The parts of the brain that encode and consolidate procedural memories such as how to ride a bike, drive a car, or play the piano are the ___ and the ___.
basal ganglia & cerebellum
Good or bad study strategy?
Not checking with your teachers or classmates to clear up points of confusion.
BAD study strategy
___ can both assess what you do and do not know as well as strengthen the memory of the information you are trying to recall?
Testing or Retrieval Practice
Which component of memory is most like a computers central processing unit (CPU) ?
Working Memory
When your brain “feels full” and you can no longer process incoming information l, it is because you have exceeded the capacity of your ___
Working memory
T/F?
The most effective retrieval practice schedule is one in which testing sessions are spread out increasingly longer time intervals between each attempt
TRUE
The technique most commonly used by memory champions such as those who can memorize an entire deck of cards in 60 seconds is the ___.
Memory Palace
T/F?
You should highlight very little, and never highlight anything that you haven’t put in your mind first by recalling.
TRUE
The idea that retrieval practice strengthens learning by forcing you to activate the neural networks involved and storing a particular chunk of information is called the ___.
testing effect
T/F?
taking out a blank sheet of information and organizing your ideas into a concept map is a form of interleaving.
FALSE
___ can both assess what you do and don’t know as well as strengthen the memory of the information you are trying to recall?
testing/ retrieval practice
Which learning strategy is best for helping you problem-solve obstacles to studying in advance?
Visualizing the steps required to earn a high grade
T/F?
The more you already know about a concept, the better the “Explain and Elaborate” strategy works
TRUE
The learning strategy in which you ask yourself “how” and “why” questions throughout your study session and then come up with explanations and examples in your own words is called ___ and ___.
Explain and elaborate
the tiny projections that allow one neuron to receive signals from the previous neuron are called ___.
Dendrites
A neural network in the brain represents what?
a chunk of information stored in long-term memory
T/F?
As new experiences accumulate, the brain creates more connections and pathways between neurons, making it easier to access and integrate many different types of knowledge.
TRUE
T/F?
Writing information into memory actually increases the number or strength of the connections between brain cells.
TRUE
T/F?
Activating a neural network over and over again cause electrical impulses to be transmitted more quickly between neurons in the network, which makes it fast and easier to retrieve the chunk of information that the network represents in the future
TRUE
When learning occurs, brain cells undergo lasting chemical and physical changes
TRUE
Good or bad study strategy?
Repeatedly solving problems of the same type that you already know how to solve
BAD study strategy
T/F?
Long term memories are stored throughout the cortex according to what information they contain (visual, verbal, spatial, etc.)
TRUE
the ___ is the part of the brain that handles working memory
prefrontal cortex
Growth or fixed mindset?
when you fail, you respond by trying harder or by learning the skills you need to be successful
Growth Mindset
T/F?
once created, connections between neurons in a network will be maintained even if the neurons involved are not regularly sending and receiving signals
FALSE
T/F?
with memory consolidation, the synapses between the neurons that comprise a particular network become physically stronger
TRUE
Brain cells are called ___.
Neurons
the initial processing and transferring of information from one type of memory to another is called ___.
encoding
T/F?
If information is temporarily retained in working memory through repetition, but not transferred to long term memory, learning has NOT occurred.
TRUE
which component of memory can hold and manipulate 5-9 chunks of information simultaneously for 5 seconds to 20 minutes, depending on how much that information is rehearsed or repeated?
working memory
which component of memory acts as a filter for the continual stream of input from things we see, hear, touch, taste and smell?
sensory memory
Which component of memory is most like a computers processing unit (CPU)?
Working memory
Growth or fixed mindset?
you believe that the cards you were dealt in life are a starting point, not a dead end.
Growth mindset
good or bad study strategy?
excessive highlighting
BAD study strategy
T/F?
each neuron makes thousands of connections with other neurons
TRUE
A neural network in the brain represents what?
a chunk of information stored in long term memory
T/F?
if a chunk of information cannot be retrieved when it is needed, then the information was never really learned
TRUE
T/F?
The brain organizes and reorganizes itself in response to new information and experiences, creating new memories prompted by experience, education or training
TRUE
as information newly encoded into long term memory is repeatedly retrieved and used, ___ occurs (mostly while you ___) .
consolidation, sleep
The biochemical process through which memory consolidation occurs is called ___ . It occurs when the same group of neurons fire together so often they become permanently sensitized to each other.
long term potentiation
learning is the act or process of transferring information from ones ___ memory to ones ___ memory so that it can be retrieved and applied when needed.
Working , long-term
which component of memory serves as our knowledge archive, having the ability to store unlimited amounts of information for an indefinite period of time
long term memory
T/F?
technology now exists that allows us to see the neural networks in the brain
TRUE
T/F?
comprehending, processing and encoding new information places a heavy cognitive load on ones working memory, especially if the information being learned is completely unfamiliar
TRUE
T/F?
Long term memories are stored throughout the cortex depending on what information they contain
TRUE
good or bad study strategy?
thinking you can learn deeply when being constantly distracted
BAD study strategy
good or bad study strategy?
not reading the textbook before you start working through questions or problems
BAD study strategy
which of the following explains how interleaving works?
- because you are mixing up problems, the various solutions you try to apply to remain fresh in your working memory
- by encountering different problem types, you get practice identifying the correct solution method for each one.
- it encourages comparisons between the problems, which can help you find the right solution
taking out a blank sheet of paper and writing down everything you can remember about a topic is a form of ___.
retrieval practice
the points of connection between one neural network to the other are called ___.
axons
the tiny projections that allow one neuron to receive signals from the previous neuron are called ___.
dendrites
which of the following may cut down on procrastination?
- having shorter deadlines
- breaking up a large task into smaller pieces.
- understanding that getting things done is a way to get rid of the stress you are feeling
- acknowledging your feelings about whatever it is that you have to do
which component of memory stores information for a very brief period of time (from 0.5-3 seconds) and immediately discards 99% of the input it receives?
sensory memory
the current model of human learning and memory used by educational physiologists; describes memory as having 3 components: sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory.
Information processing theory
communication between neurons in a network is
both chemical and electrical
T/F?
you should always study in the same place
FALSE
T/F?
learning is more durable when you expand the gaps between your tests because your brain doesn’t have to work as hard to find the right answer
FALSE
Students tend to prefer blocked practice because…
- it creates a sense of fluency or familiarity, which results in a feeling of confidence that you’ve mastered the problem or topic.
- problem solving becomes easier because you are using the same strategy over and over
when you make things hard on yourself, but in a good way, you are creating ___
desirable difficulties
a meaningful unit of information is called a ___.
chunk
whenever you complete a small task, your brain releases the hormone ___ which makes you experience feelings of pleasure, reward and accomplishment.
dopamine
synaptic pruning eliminates weak or ineffective connections between neurons through a process called ___ in which neurons self- destruct.
apoptosis
the destruction of synapses in a neural network that is not regularly sending and receiving signals is called ___
synaptic pruning
long term potentiation involves a cascade of chemical reactions that ultimately results in ___ becoming larger and increasing their number of synaptic receptors
dendrites
the part of the brain that encodes and consolidates the emotional components of a memory is the ___
amygdala
only the information that you choose to __________ will be transferred from sensory memory to working memory
pay attention to
which practice improves learning by bringing more oxygen and nutrients to brain tissue?
studying while being active
the point of connection between one neuron and the next is called a ___
synapse
the memorization technique that works best for lists, steps, and groupings for information is ____
menumonics
Procedural memory is consolidated during ___ sleep, which is more similar to waking brain activity
R.E.M.
