ch 20 digestion

Question 1

what organ is the liver connected to

Answer 1

gallbladder

Question 2

what does the liver produce?

Answer 2

bile

Question 3

where is bile stored?

Answer 3

the gallbladder

Question 4

what controls bile release during digestion

Answer 4

the duodenum, using a sphincter

Question 5

what is the main cell in the liver

Answer 5

hepatocytes

Question 6

what carried the absorbed nutrients to the liver?

Answer 6

hepatic portal vein

Question 7

what are Kupffer cells

Answer 7

resident immune cells that break down old/damaged cells and attack bacteria that may enter from the GI tract

Question 8

what 2 energy functions does the liver perform?

Answer 8

Glycogenesis/Glycogenolysis and lipolysis/lipogenesis

Question 9

what is glycogenesis

Answer 9

the conversion of :
glucose to glycogen (storage)

Question 10

what is Glycogenolysis

Answer 10

the conversion of : glycogen to glucose (use)

Question 11

what is lipolysis

Answer 11

converting fatty acids to acetyl-CoA (to make ATP)

Question 12

what is lipogenesis?

Answer 12

glucose or amino acids to triglycerides
(energy storage)

Question 13

what is Gluconeogenesis:

Answer 13

making glucose from glycerol in triglycerides, certain amino acids or lactate

Question 14

what does the liver store?

Answer 14

• excess fat soluble vitamins (KADE)
• minerals and trace metals
• Glycogen (for eventual hydrolysis during fasting/exercise)

Question 15

what does the liver break protein waste products into

Answer 15

urea

Question 16

what is albumin used for

Answer 16

osmotic regulation

Question 17

what are complement proteins for

Answer 17

immune component reaction

Question 18

what is fibrinogen for

Answer 18

required for blood clotting

Question 19

what is angiotensin for

Answer 19

precursor of renin-angiotensin system for blood pressure)

Question 20

what vitamin does the liver activate

Answer 20

vitamin D

Question 21

what are the salivary enzymes that begin digestion

Answer 21

amylase and lipase

Question 22

what happens because of stomach’s low pH

Answer 22

denatures proteins
pepsin begins breaking into short peptides

Question 23

pancreas enzymes will break down what 4 things

Answer 23

carbohydrates
fats
proteins
nucleic acids

Question 24

T or F: humans cant absorb disaccharides

Answer 24

TRUE
they need to be broken down (by enzymes) into monos

Question 25

what is used to break down fat

Answer 25

bile (emulsifies)

Question 26

what are the 2 enzymes that break down nucleic acids

Answer 26

RNase and DNase

Question 27

what enzymes break proteins into small peptides

Answer 27

trypsin and chymotrypsi

Question 28

what breaks peptides into individual amino acids

Answer 28

carboxypeptidase and other peptidases

Question 29

what are villi for? where are they found

Answer 29

in the small intestine to inc surface area

Question 30

what are the two layers of the epithelia

Answer 30

apical and basolateral

Question 31

how are glucose and galactose absorbed thought the epithelia (both membranes)

Answer 31

apical -cotransport with Na+ basolateral -glucose transporter

Question 32

how is frusctose transported through the epithelia

Answer 32

glucose transporter (through both membranes)

Question 33

how are small peptides and individual aminos absorbed

Answer 33

sp -cotransport w H+ aa -cotransport with Na+

Question 34

what are the two ways that water can move through cells

Answer 34

osmosis and facilitated diffusion

Question 35

what signals calcium channel production

Answer 35

vitamin D

Question 36

how are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

Answer 36

cotransport with Na+

Question 37

which vitamins is the absorption exception

Answer 37

B12 -requires intrinsic factor

Question 38

what do degraded triglycerides form

Answer 38

micelles -polar outside, non-polar inside

Question 39

what are chylomicrons

Answer 39

a type of lipoprotein leave basolateral membrane (exocytosis) to travel through the lymph vessels

Question 40

what are chylomicrons made of?

Answer 40

Triglycerides, fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol and phospholipids along with protein

Question 41

how are chylomicrons used by the liver

Answer 41

to make low density lipoproteins (to transport fat to adipose tissue)

Question 42

up to what number of carbons can short/medium chain fatty acids diffuse into the bloodstream?

Answer 42

<12 carbons

Question 43

how are most fats and fat-soluble vitamins transported to the liver

Answer 43

the lymphatic system

Question 44

what happens if your gut's epithelial mucosa is damaged?

Answer 44

free triglycerides can enter the bloodstream instead of the lymph

Question 45

what substances can damage intestinal epithelial cells

Answer 45

excessive alcohol, inflammatory disease, some non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, infections

Question 46

T or F humans can digest fibre

Answer 46

FALSE humans cannot. it has a different bond than starch/glycogen

Question 47

what is the thermogenic effect

Answer 47

burning some calories in order to digest food

Question 48

what are the 3 phases of digestion

Answer 48

1. cephalic phase (preparation) 2. gastric phase (food entering stomach) 3. intestinal phase (food entering duodenum)

Question 49

what initiates the cephalic phase?

Answer 49

the sight, smell, or thought of food

Question 50

what does actually tasting food do?

Answer 50

increases gastric and gut motility

Question 51

cephalic phase starts with the ____ NS signaling the secretion of gastric juices. this happens in _____ of digesting food

Answer 51

parasympathetic anticipation

Question 52

what is motility?

Answer 52

GI tract smooth muscle cells contracting to move food along using peristaltic contractions

Question 53

when does the gastric phase begin

Answer 53

when food enters the stomach

Question 54

what is created during the gastric phase

Answer 54

chyme -food mixed with stomach acid

Question 55

when does the intestinal phase begin

Answer 55

when the first bolus of chyme enters the duodenum

Question 56

what is triggered when the intestinal phase begins?

Answer 56

intestinal motility pancreatic secretions bile secretion intestinal enzyme secretion