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Biology > ch 20 digestion > Flashcards

ch 20 digestion Flashcards

1
Q

what organ is the liver connected to

A

gallbladder

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2
Q

what does the liver produce?

A

bile

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3
Q

where is bile stored?

A

the gallbladder

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4
Q

what controls bile release during digestion

A

the duodenum, using a sphincter

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5
Q

what is the main cell in the liver

A

hepatocytes

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6
Q

what carried the absorbed nutrients to the liver?

A

hepatic portal vein

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7
Q

what are Kupffer cells

A

resident immune cells that break down old/damaged cells and attack bacteria that may enter from the GI tract

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8
Q

what 2 energy functions does the liver perform?

A

Glycogenesis/Glycogenolysis and lipolysis/lipogenesis

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9
Q

what is glycogenesis

A

the conversion of :
glucose to glycogen (storage)

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10
Q

what is Glycogenolysis

A

the conversion of : glycogen to glucose (use)

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11
Q

what is lipolysis

A

converting fatty acids to acetyl-CoA (to make ATP)

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12
Q

what is lipogenesis?

A

glucose or amino acids to triglycerides
(energy storage)

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13
Q

what is Gluconeogenesis:

A

making glucose from glycerol in triglycerides, certain amino acids or lactate

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14
Q

what does the liver store?

A
  • excess fat soluble vitamins (KADE)
  • minerals and trace metals
  • Glycogen (for eventual hydrolysis during fasting/exercise)
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15
Q

what does the liver break protein waste products into

A

urea

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16
Q

what is albumin used for

A

osmotic regulation

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17
Q

what are complement proteins for

A

immune component reaction

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18
Q

what is fibrinogen for

A

required for blood clotting

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19
Q

what is angiotensin for

A

precursor of renin-angiotensin system for blood pressure)

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20
Q

what vitamin does the liver activate

A

vitamin D

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21
Q

what are the salivary enzymes that begin digestion

A

amylase and lipase

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22
Q

what happens because of stomach’s low pH

A

denatures proteins
pepsin begins breaking into short peptides

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23
Q

pancreas enzymes will break down what 4 things

A

carbohydrates
fats
proteins
nucleic acids

24
Q

T or F: humans cant absorb disaccharides

A

TRUE
they need to be broken down (by enzymes) into monos

25
Q

what is used to break down fat

A

bile (emulsifies)

26
Q

what are the 2 enzymes that break down nucleic acids

A

RNase and DNase

27
Q

what enzymes break proteins into small peptides

A

trypsin and chymotrypsi

28
Q

what breaks peptides into individual amino acids

A

carboxypeptidase and other peptidases

29
Q

what are villi for?
where are they found

A

in the small intestine
to inc surface area

30
Q

what are the two layers of the epithelia

A

apical and basolateral

31
Q

how are glucose and galactose absorbed thought the epithelia (both membranes)

A

apical -cotransport with Na+
basolateral -glucose transporter

32
Q

how is frusctose transported through the epithelia

A

glucose transporter (through both membranes)

33
Q

how are small peptides and individual aminos absorbed

A

sp -cotransport w H+
aa -cotransport with Na+

34
Q

what are the two ways that water can move through cells

A

osmosis and facilitated diffusion

35
Q

what signals calcium channel production

A

vitamin D

36
Q

how are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

cotransport with Na+

37
Q

which vitamins is the absorption exception

A

B12 -requires intrinsic factor

38
Q

what do degraded triglycerides form

A

micelles -polar outside, non-polar inside

39
Q

what are chylomicrons

A

a type of lipoprotein
leave basolateral membrane (exocytosis) to travel through the lymph vessels

40
Q

what are chylomicrons made of?

A

Triglycerides, fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol and phospholipids along with protein

41
Q

how are chylomicrons used by the liver

A

to make low density lipoproteins (to transport fat to adipose tissue)

42
Q

up to what number of carbons can short/medium chain fatty acids diffuse into the bloodstream?

A

<12 carbons

43
Q

how are most fats and fat-soluble vitamins transported to the liver

A

the lymphatic system

44
Q

what happens if your gut’s epithelial mucosa is damaged?

A

free triglycerides can enter the bloodstream instead of the lymph

45
Q

what substances can damage intestinal epithelial cells

A

excessive alcohol,
inflammatory disease,
some non-steroidal anti-inflammatories,
infections

46
Q

T or F humans can digest fibre

A

FALSE
humans cannot. it has a different bond than starch/glycogen

47
Q

what is the thermogenic effect

A

burning some calories in order to digest food

48
Q

what are the 3 phases of digestion

A
  1. cephalic phase (preparation)
  2. gastric phase (food entering stomach)
  3. intestinal phase (food entering duodenum)
49
Q

what initiates the cephalic phase?

A

the sight, smell, or thought of food

50
Q

what does actually tasting food do?

A

increases gastric and gut motility

51
Q

cephalic phase starts with the ____ NS signaling the secretion of gastric juices.
this happens in _____ of digesting food

A

parasympathetic
anticipation

52
Q

what is motility?

A

GI tract smooth muscle cells contracting to move food along using peristaltic contractions

53
Q

when does the gastric phase begin

A

when food enters the stomach

54
Q

what is created during the gastric phase

A

chyme -food mixed with stomach acid

55
Q

when does the intestinal phase begin

A

when the first bolus of chyme enters the duodenum

56
Q

what is triggered when the intestinal phase begins?

A

intestinal motility
pancreatic secretions
bile secretion
intestinal enzyme secretion

Biology (5 decks)

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