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ch 18 cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what is happening during isovolumetric phases?

A

occurs because a valve is closed (makes heart sounds)

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2
Q

what is happening during the P wave?

A

atrial systole
fills the last bit of the ventricle

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3
Q

what is happening during the QRS complex

A

AV valve closes as the ventricle contracts, rapid rise in pressure

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4
Q

what happens during the T wave?

A

contraction finishes and repolarization occurs

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5
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output is the total amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per
minute.

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6
Q

what is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = Heart rate × Stroke volume (of the LV)

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7
Q

what is average stroke volume?

A

70mL

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8
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume is the difference between the two different volumes in the left
ventricle.

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9
Q

what is the formula for stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume = EDV – ESV

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10
Q

what is the average cardiac output?

A

4.9L/min

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11
Q

how much blood do most adults have?

A

5-6 L

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12
Q

what is cardiac reserve?

A

The amount your cardiac output can increase over resting.

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13
Q

how does the sympathetic NS affect HR? (what chemicals)

A

(fight or flight) increases HR
epi/norepi increase contraction force

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14
Q

how does the parasympathetic NS affect HR? (what chemicals)

A

(rest and digest) decreases HR
acetylcholine causes the decrease

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15
Q

when HR increases, what part of the process changes?

A

the relaxation period decreases, QRS stays the same

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16
Q

who would have the higher HR?
female/male
adult/elderly

A

female
elderly

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17
Q

do the following INC or DEC HR?
thyroid hormones
inc blood Na+, Ca2+, K+
inc body temp

A

increase

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18
Q

what is the frank-starling law?

A

The strength of contraction is directly proportional to
the stretch (length) of the myocardial fibres.

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19
Q

what is the main factor(s) affecting stroke volume?

A

preload and afterload

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20
Q

what is preload?

A

Preload: the amount of stretch at the end of
diastole. It is caused by the blood volume returning
to the heart, AKA the filling pressure

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21
Q

what 2 things affect preload?

A

ventricular distensibility and venous return

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22
Q

what is afterload?
what causes it?

A

The force the heart has to contract against to eject blood.
vascular resistance

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23
Q

what is something that could reduce distensibility?

A

scarring from a heart attack or disease

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24
Q

name any 2 things that increase arterial pressure (and thus afterload)

A

hypertension
COPD
atherosclerosis
narrowed vessels due to plaque

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25
what is the skeletal pump?
when contracting muscles squeeze veins, pushing blood towards the heart
26
what keeps blood flowing the correct way through veins
venous valves
27
how does exercise increase cardiac output?
it increases muscle contraction (skeletal pump) which increases venous return (preload) and therefore cardiac output
28
what is the respiratory pump?
when the diaphragm contracts to cause inhalation, it decreases intrathoracic pressure causing blood in abdominal veins to flow toward the heart.
29
when the diaphragm contracts: does thoracic pressure inc or dec? does blood flow to or from the area?
decrease flows TO
30
does diaphragm contraction increase preload or afterload?
preload
31
increased preload _____ cardiac output
increases
32
increases afterload _____ cardiac output
decreases
33
at what point does the heart become inefficient?
190-200 BPM
34
what is the order of systemic blood flow from heart back to heart (5 things)
arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins
35
what are the 3 layers of artery/vein walls
1. tunica intima 2. tunica media 3. tunica externa
36
what do arteries do?
move blood AWAY from heart
37
which (arteries/veins) contain elastic layers? why?
arteries need to expand with the high pressure caused by heart contarction
38
what type of vessel can you feel blood pressure in?
large arteries close to body surface
39
what do veins do?
vessels that return blood to the heart
40
what are the walls of the veins thinner?
lower pressure increases internal diameter (to hold more blood)
41
what are varicose veins?
Varicose veins are veins that have become dilated and twisted because of incompetent (leaky) valves
42
why are arterioles so important?
they regulate blood flow to specific areas by dilating and constricting
43
what is special about capillaries (hint: specific to their function)
greatest cross-sectional area (for gas and nutrient/waste exchange)
44
what is gas exchange?
Movement of O2 out of capillaries to cells and CO2 from cells to capillaries
45
what are capillaries (walls) made of?
only endothelial cells and basement membrane
46
how do capillaries contribute to blood flow regulation?
Capillary beds can be opened or closed with precapillary sphincters, based on the physiological needs of the tissues
47
how does the body collect and recycle the fluid that would have been lost during capillary exchange?
the lymphatic system
48
what is caused by excessive interstitial fluid?
edema -tissue swelling
49
what 2 things do lymph vessels have to help fluid move along?
one-way valves smooth muscle
50
what does capillary hydrostatic pressure do
move fluid from the capillaries to the interstitial space
51
what is Pc
capillary hydrostatic pressure
52
what is πc
capillary osmotic pressure
53
what does capillary osmotic pressure do ?
stops all the fluid from leaving the blood, since water wants to move toward areas of lower concentration and large proteins don’t leave the blood
54
what (mostly) caused πc
albumin
55
what is πIF
interstitial osmotic pressure
56
what is the formula for net filtration pressure?
(Pc + πIF) - (πc + PIF)
57
is net filtration negative or positive? why?
positive Pc is largest, so overall more fluid exits the capillaries andhas to be recollected
58
where is the highest blood pressure?
at the heart and in the ARTERIES closest to it
59
in a tissue: the blood flow is (proportional/inversely proportional) to the BP and (P/IP) to the resistance
blood flow is proportional to the blood pressure and inversely proportional to the resistance.
60
what is the #1 factor that determines resistance
vessel diameter
61
atherosclerotic plaque build-up on the wall leads to ________ blood flow
turbulent
62
what does "compliant" mean in the context of blood vessels
stretchy
63
what do vasodilators (the medication) do?
decrease vascular resistance, therfore increase flow
64
what do diuretics do?
inc kidney water excretion dec blood volume, and therefore, dec blood flow
65
how do metabolic requirements affect blood flow?
tissues that require more O2 and nutrient will require more blood flow
66
how does body temperature affect blood flow?
hot -vasodilation -inc flow cold -vasodilation -dec flow
67
what does anemia do to blood? (flow)
(anemia - low RBC) decreases viscosity and therefore dec resistance
68
when (in the cardiac cycle) is arterial BP at it's highest
during systole (contraction)
69
what is used to measure brachial artery pressure
sphygmomanometer
70
what is the integrating centre for BP
the medulla oblongata
71
what do baroreceptors detect?
the stretch in blood vessels
72
what do chemoreceptors detect
chemicals O2, CO2, H+
73
how do O, CO2 and H+ relate to blood?
they determine blood pH
74
what do osmoreceptors detect?
ions NA+, K+ and CL-
75
increases Na+ on the blood will make you feel what?
thirsty
76
proprioceptors detect what? give an example
body podition ie. vessels constrict when we stand so blood doesn't pool in legs
77
what does aldosterone do?
signals kidneys to increase sodium absorption
78
what do epi/norepi do?
increases BP through vasoconstriction, inc cardiac output
79
what does angiotensin II do?
stimulates aldosterone production causes vasoconstriction
80
what does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do?
causes kidneys to excrete sodium therefore lowers blood volume and BP causes vasodilation
81
where and why does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) get released?
in the heart in response to high BP
82
what is the leading cause of death in Canada?
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
83
what is atherosclerosis, and what does it cause
thickening and herdening of the arteries from plaque buildup causes chronic inflammation
84
what is plaque buildup made of? where (in the vessel) does it occur?
LDL (low density lipoprotein) buildup UNDER the endothelial lining
85
what does LDL buildup cause?
an immune response from macrophages that become foam cells
86
what 2 ways do plaques increase vascular resistance?
1. narrowing lumen 2. cause turbulent flow
87
what is hypertension?
*Increased resistance results in increased blood pressure
88
how many years can plaque buildup progress without symptoms?
10-20 years
89
how is cholesterol a risk factor for CVD
trans fats (high in cholesterol) increase LDL because they are not easily stored, so stay in circulation
90
how is hypertension a risk factors for CVD
- stress on heart (causes cardiac hypertrophy) - arrhythmias and hypoxia - small capillary hemmorrhages damage kidney, retina, brain, lungs
91
what is metabolic syndrome characterized by?
abdominal/central obesity AND 2 of: - high blood triglycerides - low HDLs (the good kind) - high resting BP - high fasting blood glucose
92
what is ischemia?
lack of blood flow to a tissue or organ
93
what is angina
chest pain caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart
94
what is the common name for a myocardial infarction
heart attack
95
what is a heart attack? what does it lead to (anatomically)
one or more coronary arteries are totally blocked, stopping all blood. Leads to permanent death of heart muscle and scarring
96
what are the 3 causes of cardiac ischemia
- dec blood flow in coronary arteries - atherosclerosis - hypertension
97
chest pain, pressure, heaviness, tightness, squeezing, burning, or choking sensation are symptoms of what
a heart attack (MI)
98
how long do angina symptoms last? heart attack symptoms?
a few minutes or less much longer, sometimes hours
99
what are strokes?
Strokes are caused by interrupting blood flow to an area of the brain.
100
what are the two types of stroke?
ischemic and hemorrhagic
101
what is the difference between an ischemic and a hemorrhagic stroke?
isc - BLOCKED vessel hem -BURST vessel
102
what is a transient ischemic attack?
- a brief interruption in blood flow - indicate significant narrowing - mild and transient symptoms
103
how do beta blockers lower BP
dec epi effects, dec HR and contraction force
104
how do alpha blockers lower BP
dec effects of norepi, dec vasoconstriction and thus resistance
105
how do calcium channel blockers lower BP?
decrease heart contraction force and contraction of blood vessels.
106
what is an example of a vasodilator (medication)
nitroglycerin
107
how do ACE inhibitors lower BP
decrease production of aldosterone (by blocking angiotensin II production)
108
how do Angiotensin II receptor blockers lower BP
decrease aldosterone and cause vasodilation.

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