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Biology > ch 18 cardiovascular system > Flashcards

ch 18 cardiovascular system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is happening during isovolumetric phases?

A

occurs because a valve is closed (makes heart sounds)

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2
Q

what is happening during the P wave?

A

atrial systole
fills the last bit of the ventricle

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3
Q

what is happening during the QRS complex

A

AV valve closes as the ventricle contracts, rapid rise in pressure

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4
Q

what happens during the T wave?

A

contraction finishes and repolarization occurs

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5
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output is the total amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per
minute.

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6
Q

what is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = Heart rate × Stroke volume (of the LV)

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7
Q

what is average stroke volume?

A

70mL

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8
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume is the difference between the two different volumes in the left
ventricle.

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9
Q

what is the formula for stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume = EDV – ESV

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10
Q

what is the average cardiac output?

A

4.9L/min

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11
Q

how much blood do most adults have?

A

5-6 L

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12
Q

what is cardiac reserve?

A

The amount your cardiac output can increase over resting.

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13
Q

how does the sympathetic NS affect HR? (what chemicals)

A

(fight or flight) increases HR
epi/norepi increase contraction force

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14
Q

how does the parasympathetic NS affect HR? (what chemicals)

A

(rest and digest) decreases HR
acetylcholine causes the decrease

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15
Q

when HR increases, what part of the process changes?

A

the relaxation period decreases, QRS stays the same

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16
Q

who would have the higher HR?
female/male
adult/elderly

A

female
elderly

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17
Q

do the following INC or DEC HR?
thyroid hormones
inc blood Na+, Ca2+, K+
inc body temp

A

increase

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18
Q

what is the frank-starling law?

A

The strength of contraction is directly proportional to
the stretch (length) of the myocardial fibres.

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19
Q

what is the main factor(s) affecting stroke volume?

A

preload and afterload

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20
Q

what is preload?

A

Preload: the amount of stretch at the end of
diastole. It is caused by the blood volume returning
to the heart, AKA the filling pressure

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21
Q

what 2 things affect preload?

A

ventricular distensibility and venous return

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22
Q

what is afterload?
what causes it?

A

The force the heart has to contract against to eject blood.
vascular resistance

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23
Q

what is something that could reduce distensibility?

A

scarring from a heart attack or disease

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24
Q

name any 2 things that increase arterial pressure (and thus afterload)

A

hypertension
COPD
atherosclerosis
narrowed vessels due to plaque

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25
Q

what is the skeletal pump?

A

when contracting muscles squeeze veins, pushing blood towards the heart

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26
Q

what keeps blood flowing the correct way through veins

A

venous valves

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27
Q

how does exercise increase cardiac output?

A

it increases muscle contraction (skeletal pump) which increases venous return (preload) and therefore cardiac output

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28
Q

what is the respiratory pump?

A

when the diaphragm contracts to cause inhalation, it decreases intrathoracic pressure causing blood in abdominal veins to flow toward the heart.

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29
Q

when the diaphragm contracts:
does thoracic pressure inc or dec?
does blood flow to or from the area?

A

decrease
flows TO

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30
Q

does diaphragm contraction increase preload or afterload?

A

preload

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31
Q

increased preload _____ cardiac output

A

increases

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32
Q

increases afterload _____ cardiac output

A

decreases

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33
Q

at what point does the heart become inefficient?

A

190-200 BPM

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34
Q

what is the order of systemic blood flow from heart back to heart (5 things)

A

arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins

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35
Q

what are the 3 layers of artery/vein walls

A
  1. tunica intima
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica externa
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36
Q

what do arteries do?

A

move blood AWAY from heart

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37
Q

which (arteries/veins) contain elastic layers?
why?

A

arteries
need to expand with the high pressure caused by heart contarction

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38
Q

what type of vessel can you feel blood pressure in?

A

large arteries close to body surface

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39
Q

what do veins do?

A

vessels that return blood to the heart

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40
Q

what are the walls of the veins thinner?

A

lower pressure
increases internal diameter (to hold more blood)

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41
Q

what are varicose veins?

A

Varicose veins are veins that have become dilated and twisted because
of incompetent (leaky) valves

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42
Q

why are arterioles so important?

A

they regulate blood flow to specific areas by dilating and constricting

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43
Q

what is special about capillaries
(hint: specific to their function)

A

greatest cross-sectional area (for gas and nutrient/waste exchange)

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44
Q

what is gas exchange?

A

Movement of O2 out of capillaries to cells and CO2 from cells to capillaries

45
Q

what are capillaries (walls) made of?

A

only endothelial cells and basement membrane

46
Q

how do capillaries contribute to blood flow regulation?

A

Capillary beds can be opened or closed with
precapillary sphincters, based on the physiological needs of the tissues

47
Q

how does the body collect and recycle the fluid that would have been lost during capillary exchange?

A

the lymphatic system

48
Q

what is caused by excessive interstitial fluid?

A

edema -tissue swelling

49
Q

what 2 things do lymph vessels have to help fluid move along?

A

one-way valves
smooth muscle

50
Q

what does capillary hydrostatic pressure do

A

move fluid from the capillaries to the interstitial space

51
Q

what is Pc

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

52
Q

what is πc

A

capillary osmotic pressure

53
Q

what does capillary osmotic pressure do ?

A

stops all the fluid from leaving the blood, since water wants to move toward areas of lower concentration and large proteins don’t leave the blood

54
Q

what (mostly) caused πc

A

albumin

55
Q

what is πIF

A

interstitial osmotic pressure

56
Q

what is the formula for net filtration pressure?

A

(Pc + πIF) - (πc + PIF)

57
Q

is net filtration negative or positive?
why?

A

positive
Pc is largest, so overall more fluid exits the capillaries andhas to be recollected

58
Q

where is the highest blood pressure?

A

at the heart and in the ARTERIES closest to it

59
Q

in a tissue:
the blood flow is (proportional/inversely proportional) to the BP and (P/IP) to the resistance

A

blood flow is proportional to the blood pressure and inversely proportional to the resistance.

60
Q

what is the #1 factor that determines resistance

A

vessel diameter

61
Q

atherosclerotic plaque build-up on the wall leads to ________ blood flow

A

turbulent

62
Q

what does “compliant” mean in the context of blood vessels

A

stretchy

63
Q

what do vasodilators (the medication) do?

A

decrease vascular resistance, therfore increase flow

64
Q

what do diuretics do?

A

inc kidney water excretion
dec blood volume, and therefore, dec blood flow

65
Q

how do metabolic requirements affect blood flow?

A

tissues that require more O2 and nutrient will require more blood flow

66
Q

how does body temperature affect blood flow?

A

hot -vasodilation -inc flow
cold -vasodilation -dec flow

67
Q

what does anemia do to blood? (flow)

A

(anemia - low RBC)
decreases viscosity and therefore dec resistance

68
Q

when (in the cardiac cycle) is arterial BP at it’s highest

A

during systole (contraction)

69
Q

what is used to measure brachial artery pressure

A

sphygmomanometer

70
Q

what is the integrating centre for BP

A

the medulla oblongata

71
Q

what do baroreceptors detect?

A

the stretch in blood vessels

72
Q

what do chemoreceptors detect

A

chemicals
O2, CO2, H+

73
Q

how do O, CO2 and H+ relate to blood?

A

they determine blood pH

74
Q

what do osmoreceptors detect?

A

ions NA+, K+ and CL-

75
Q

increases Na+ on the blood will make you feel what?

A

thirsty

76
Q

proprioceptors detect what?
give an example

A

body podition
ie. vessels constrict when we stand so blood doesn’t pool in legs

77
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

signals kidneys to increase sodium absorption

78
Q

what do epi/norepi do?

A

increases BP through vasoconstriction, inc cardiac output

79
Q

what does angiotensin II do?

A

stimulates aldosterone production
causes vasoconstriction

80
Q

what does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do?

A

causes kidneys to excrete sodium
therefore lowers blood volume and BP
causes vasodilation

81
Q

where and why does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) get released?

A

in the heart
in response to high BP

82
Q

what is the leading cause of death in Canada?

A

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

83
Q

what is atherosclerosis, and what does it cause

A

thickening and herdening of the arteries from plaque buildup
causes chronic inflammation

84
Q

what is plaque buildup made of?
where (in the vessel) does it occur?

A

LDL (low density lipoprotein)
buildup UNDER the endothelial lining

85
Q

what does LDL buildup cause?

A

an immune response from macrophages that become foam cells

86
Q

what 2 ways do plaques increase vascular resistance?

A
  1. narrowing lumen
  2. cause turbulent flow
87
Q

what is hypertension?

A

*Increased resistance results in increased blood
pressure

88
Q

how many years can plaque buildup progress without symptoms?

A

10-20 years

89
Q

how is cholesterol a risk factor for CVD

A

trans fats (high in cholesterol) increase LDL because they are not easily stored, so stay in circulation

90
Q

how is hypertension a risk factors for CVD

A
  • stress on heart (causes cardiac hypertrophy)
  • arrhythmias and hypoxia
  • small capillary hemmorrhages damage kidney, retina, brain, lungs
91
Q

what is metabolic syndrome characterized by?

A

abdominal/central obesity AND 2 of:
- high blood triglycerides
- low HDLs (the good kind)
- high resting BP
- high fasting blood glucose

92
Q

what is ischemia?

A

lack of blood flow to a tissue or organ

93
Q

what is angina

A

chest pain caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart

94
Q

what is the common name for a myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

95
Q

what is a heart attack?
what does it lead to (anatomically)

A

one or more coronary arteries are totally blocked, stopping all blood.
Leads to permanent death of heart muscle and scarring

96
Q

what are the 3 causes of cardiac ischemia

A
  • dec blood flow in coronary arteries
  • atherosclerosis
  • hypertension
97
Q

chest pain, pressure, heaviness, tightness,
squeezing, burning, or choking sensation

are symptoms of what

A

a heart attack (MI)

98
Q

how long do angina symptoms last?
heart attack symptoms?

A

a few minutes or less
much longer, sometimes hours

99
Q

what are strokes?

A

Strokes are caused by interrupting blood flow to an area of the brain.

100
Q

what are the two types of stroke?

A

ischemic and hemorrhagic

101
Q

what is the difference between an ischemic and a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

isc - BLOCKED vessel
hem -BURST vessel

102
Q

what is a transient ischemic attack?

A
  • a brief interruption in blood flow
  • indicate significant narrowing
  • mild and transient symptoms
103
Q

how do beta blockers lower BP

A

dec epi effects, dec HR and contraction force

104
Q

how do alpha blockers lower BP

A

dec effects of norepi, dec vasoconstriction and thus resistance

105
Q

how do calcium channel blockers lower BP?

A

decrease heart contraction force and
contraction of blood vessels.

106
Q

what is an example of a vasodilator (medication)

A

nitroglycerin

107
Q

how do ACE inhibitors lower BP

A

decrease production of aldosterone (by blocking
angiotensin II production)

108
Q

how do Angiotensin II receptor blockers lower BP

A

decrease aldosterone and cause
vasodilation.

Biology (5 decks)

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