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Human Anatomy Test 4 > Ch 20 circulatory system II: the heart > Flashcards

Ch 20 circulatory system II: the heart Flashcards

1
Q

the cadriovascular system consists of what?

A

heart, blood, and blood vessels

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2
Q

what does the pulmonary circuit do?

A

carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart

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3
Q

describe the movement of the pulmonary circuit

A

right side of heart receives oxygen-poor blood from veins and sends it to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk. then pulmonary veins return the freshly oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart

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4
Q

what does the systemic circuit do?

A

supplies blood to all tissues of the body

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5
Q

describe movement of the systemic circuit

A

left side of the heart pumps blood to the aorta, which pumps blood to the rest of the body. blood returns to heart via veins that finally converge on the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava that enter the right side of the heart

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6
Q

where in the body is the heart located?

A

in the mediastinum, between the lungs and deep to the sternum

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7
Q

the heart is slightly tilted in which direction?

A

toward the left

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8
Q

where is the apex and what direction does it point?

A

apex is inferior and point to the left

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9
Q

is the base of the heart superior or inferior?

A

superior

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10
Q

what does the pericardium consist of

A

the pericardial sac and the epicardium

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11
Q

the pericardium is _____-walled

A

double

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12
Q

what layers make up the pericardial sac?

A

fibrous and serous layers

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13
Q

which is deeper, the epicardium or the pericardial sac?

A

epicardium

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14
Q

the pericardial sac is also known as?

A

parietal pericardium

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15
Q

the epicardium is also known as?

A

visceral pericardium

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16
Q

what does the heart wall consist of?

A

the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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17
Q

what part of the heart wall is the bulk of the thickness?

A

myocardium

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18
Q

what layer of the heart wall is a single layer of cells that is continuous with the endothelium of vessels?

A

endocardium

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19
Q

what are the chambers of the heart?

A

two superior artia and two inferior ventricles

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20
Q

what chambers receive blood returning to the heart from the great vein?

A

artia

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21
Q

what chambers have thin, flaccid walls

A

artia

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22
Q

why do the artia have thin, flaccid walls?

A

because they only have to pump blood to the ventricles

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23
Q

what chambers pump blood to the arteries?

A

ventricles

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24
Q

which wall is moderately thick and why?

A

right ventricular wall, bc it has to pump blood to the lungs

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25
which walls are the thickest and why?
walls of the left ventricle are thickest bc they pump blood to all tissues of the body
26
which chamber are superior and which are inferior?
atria are superior ventricles are inferior (think alphabetical)
27
what ensure a one-way flow of blood through the heart and open and close in response to changes in pressure gradients?
the valves
28
what valves separate the atria from the ventricles?
atrioventricular valves
29
the right AV valve is also known as...
the tricuspid valve
30
the left AV valve is also known as
the bicuspid or mitral valve
31
what are tendinous cords (chordae tendinae)?
slender ropes that connect the valve cusps to the papillary muscles on the walls of the ventricles
32
what prevent the valves from prolapsing into the atria
papillary muscles
33
what are slender ropes that connect the valve cusps to the papillary muscles on the walls of the ventricles?
tendinous cords aka chordae tendinae
34
what valves regulate the flow of blood between the ventricles and great arteries?
pulmonary valve and aortic semilunar valve
35
do the pulmonar valve and aortic semilunar valve have tendinous cords?
no. they have pocket-like cups
36
blood returns to the right atrium from body tissues via?
the superior and inferior vena cava
37
blood passes thru the right AV valve to the what?
right ventricle
38
where does the blood flow after going in the right ventricle?
through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk, which branches to pulmonary arteries that carry the blood to the lungs
39
where does gas exchange occur?
in the lungs
40
freshly oxygenated blood flows to the ____ ____ through the four ______ veins
left atrium; pulmonary
41
blood goes through the left AV valve to?
left ventricle
42
where does the left ventricle send blood?
through the aortic valve to the ascending aorta and thence to all tissues of the body
43
what does coronary circulation refer to?
the blood vessels that supply the myocardium
44
what branches does the left coronary artery have?
anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch
45
what branches does the right coronary artery have?
right marginal branch and posterior intervetebral branch
46
explain venous drainage
most blood is returned to the veins that empty into the coronary sinus that then drains into the right atrium
47
what veins are involved in venous drainage
great cardiac, posterior interventricular, and left marginal veins
48
approximately how many times per minute does the heart rhythmically beat?
75 times per min
49
does the heart beating require nervous stimulation? why or why not?
no nervous stimulation bc the signal originates with the heart itself
50
true of false: some myocytes are autorhythmic
true
51
how is a myocyes autorhythmic?
they depolarize spontaneously at regular time intervals
52
what initiates each heartbeat and determines heart rate?
sinoatrial (SA) node (aka pacemaker)
53
what is the sinoatrial node also known as
pacemaker
54
where do signals spread through?
the atria
55
where does the atrioventricular (AV) node pass electical signals to?
the ventricles
56
where do signals from the AV node pass through
the AV bundle aka bundle of his
57
what is the AV bundle also known as?
bundle of His
58
what is nera the apex that spreads through the ventiruclar myocardium and distributes the electrical excitation to myocytes of the ventricles
purkinje fibers
59
cytoplasm of the skeletal muscle has __% mitochondria, while cytoplams of the heart has __% mitochondria
heart - 25%
60
cardiocytes are joined at ends by what?
intercalated discs
61
what kind of nucleus do cardiac myocytes have?
striated, single nucleus
62
what 2 kinds of mechanical junctions do cardiocytes have?
facia adherens and desmosomes
63
what kind of electrical junctions do cardiocytes have?
gap junctions
64
what does sympathetic innervation of the heart result in?
increased force and rate of contraction and dilation of coronary arteries
65
what nerve do parasympathetic fibers of the heart travel through?
vagus nerve
66
the right vagus nerve travels mostly to the ______ node while the left mostly supplies the ____ node.
SA; AV
67
what slows the heart rate?
parasympathetic innervation
68
what is the contraction that expels blood?
systole
69
what is the filling period of the cardiac cycle?
diastole
70
what is myocardial infraction?
- cardiac muscle dies within a couple of minutes if the blood supply is blocked. It does not regenerate and becomes fibrotic tissue.
71
what is the most common heart disease condition and what can it lead to?
coronary atherosclerosis; myocartial infraction
72
what are other heart dieseases?
myocardial hypertrophy or degeneration, congestive heart failure, or conditions that result from congenital defects
73
in the fetus, most blood bypasses the lungs because?
they are not functional
74
what structures cause most blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit in a fetal heart?
foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
75
what happens tot he lungs at birth?
they inflate
76
how do the lungs inflate at birth?
the change in pressure gradients causes a flap of tissue to seal the foramen ovale
77
the ductus arteriosus _____ after birth and remnants form a fibrous cord, the ____ ______.
constricts; ligamentum arteriosus
78
what happens when the heart ages and the heart walls thicken?
the space within the ventricles is constricted and cardiac output is decreased/
79
when valves thicken with aging of heart, what do they have a tendency to do?
prolapse
80
what increases the risk of arrhythmia
degeneration of the conduction system
81
what are the two circulatory routes of blood?
pulmonary and systemic

Human Anatomy Test 4 (5 decks)

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