Ch 19 Circulatory System 1: Blood

Question 1

what are the functions of the circulatory system?

Answer 1

transport, protection, and regulation

Question 2

what are the two components of blood?

Answer 2

plasma and formed elements

Question 3

true of false: blood is a liquid connective tissue

Answer 3

true

Question 4

what is the clear extracellular matrix of blood?

Answer 4

plasma

Question 5

what comprises formed elements of blood?

Answer 5

cells and cells fragments: the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Question 6

what is blood plasma made of?

Answer 6

water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and gases

Question 7

what is serum

Answer 7

what remains in plasma when solids are removed

Question 8

what is the most abundant plasma solute (by weight)?

Answer 8

proteins

Question 9

what protein in plasma is the most abundant and acts to transport solutes, buffer pH, and contributes to viscosity and osmolarity?

Answer 9

albumin

Question 10

what plasma protein plays a role in transport, clotting, and immunity?

Answer 10

globulins

Question 11

what plasma protien is the precursor of fibrin, a clotting protein

Answer 11

fibrinogen

Question 12

what do erythrocytes do?

Answer 12

pick up oxygen and delivers it to tissues, pick up carbon dioxide from tissues and delivers it to the lungs

Question 13

what are the most abundant formed element?

Answer 13

red blood cells

Question 14

what is the name of a discoid with a shrunken center

Answer 14

erythrocytes

Question 15

what is the purpose of the discoid with shrunken center shape of erythrocytes?

Answer 15

the shape increases the surface area for the diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen

Question 16

what are two measures of quantity of erythrocytes?

Answer 16

RBC count and hematocrit

Question 17

what is hermatocrit?

Answer 17

the percentage of blood volume comprised of RBC; ranges from 37-52% depending on a person’s sex and fitness level.

Question 18

what is a protein consisting of 4 amino acid chains, 2 alpha chains, and 2 beta chains (a heme group with a ferrous ion is bound to each chain, and is the binding site for oxygen

Answer 18

hemoglobin

Question 19

what is erythropoiesis

Answer 19

the production of red blood cells

Question 20

in the erythrocyte life cycle, the transformation from a pluripotent stem cell to a mature RBC takes how long?

Answer 20

from 3 to 5 days

Question 21

erythrocyte cells live for an average of how many days?

Answer 21

120 days

Question 22

how do erythrocyte cells typically die?

Answer 22

the typically get trapped and die in the small capillaries of the spleen, which breaks them up and destroys them

Question 23

what does the ABO blood group include?

Answer 23

blood types A, B, AB, and O

Question 24

what is blood type due to?

Answer 24

type is due to glycoproteins and glycolipids on the cell surface, molecules that act as antigens

Question 25

what are the most common blood types?

Answer 25

ABO and Rh

Question 26

which is the least abundant formed element, but one that has significant tasks?

Answer 26

leukocytes

Question 27

what is the function of leukocytes

Answer 27

protection against microorganisms and other pathogens

Question 28

what are the main different types of leukocytes?

Answer 28

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 29

what are the different types of granulocytes?

Answer 29

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 30

which granulocyte is the most abundant white blood cell?

Answer 30

neutrophils

Question 31

what do neutrophils do?

Answer 31

phagocytize bacteria and digest them

Question 32

what granulocyte is 2-4% of all leukocytes?

Answer 32

eosinophils

Question 33

what do eosinophils number rise in response to?

Answer 33

allergies, parasitic infections, collagenous diseases, and diseases of the central nervous system

Question 34

what is the rarest white blood cell?

Answer 34

basophils

Question 35

what do basophils secrete

Answer 35

histamine and heparin

Question 36

what is a vasodialator secreted by basophils that speeds blood flow to injured tissues and makes blood vessels more permeable to leukocytes such as neutrophils?

Answer 36

Histamine

Question 37

what is an anticoagulant secreted by basophils that promotes the mobility of white blood cells in an injured area?

Answer 37

Heparin

Question 38

what are the two types of agranulocytes?

Answer 38

monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 39

what transform to macrophages after leaving the blood and destroy dead or dying host or foreign cells, mircoorganism, and foreign matter?

Answer 39

monocytes

Question 40

what display anitigens on their surface to alert the immune system to the presence of a specific pathogen?

Answer 40

monocytes

Question 41

what category to T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells fall under?

Answer 41

lymphocytes

Question 42

what is the name of the leukocyte life cycle?

Answer 42

leukopoiesis

Question 43

what are the 3 steps of leukopoiesis (leukocyte life cycle)?

Answer 43

1. myeloblasts give rise to neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils 2. monoblasts give rise to monocytes 3. lymphoblasts become lymphocytes

Question 44

what are platelets

Answer 44

fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes

Question 45

what has no nucleus but does have other organelles such as lysosomes and mitochondria

Answer 45

platelets

Question 46

true of false: granules are filled with platelet secretions

Answer 46

true

Question 47

what minimize blood loss if vessels are injured or broken

Answer 47

platelets

Question 48

how do platelets minimize blood loss?

Answer 48

1. physically stick together to form a platelet plug to temporarily seal and break in a vessel and secrete vasoconstrictors and clotting facors 2. secrete chemicals that attract nuetrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation 3. have growth factors that stimulate mitosis in the fibroblasts of smooth mucles to promote repair of damaged vessels

Question 49

what do growth factors of platelets do?

Answer 49

stimulate mitosis in fibroblasts of smooth muscle to promote repair of damaged vessels

Question 50

what is thrombosis?

Answer 50

abnormal clotting in unbroken vessels that can cause stroke and heart failure

Question 51

what is hemostasis?

Answer 51

cessation of bleeding