Ch 2 Slides (Exam 1) Flashcards
All living organisms contain ____ material made of the nucleic acid ____. (Except ____)
Genetic; DNA; Viruses
An organism’s DNA, with its genes, is organized into ____.
Chromosomes
In eukaryotes, two processes (____ and ____) are involved in ____ ____ of nucleated cells.
Mitosis; Meiosis; Genetic continuity
Mitosis leads to the production of ____ cells, each with the same number of ____ as the ____ cell (__n).
Two; Chromosomes; Parent; 2
Meiosis reduces ____ content and leads to production of ____ ____, which contains ____ the number of ____ (__n).
Genetic; Sex gametes; Half; Chromosomes; 1
Chromosomes are visible as ____ ____ during mitosis and meiosis.
Condensed structures
Uncoiled chromosomes, ____, form a diffuse network within the ____.
Chromatin; Nucleus
Prokaryotic cells are non____. Organisms include: ____ and ____.
Nonnucleated; Bacteria; Archaea
Eukaryotic cells are ____. Organisms include: ____, ____, ____, and ____.
Nucleated; Protists; Plants; Fungi; Animals
Cell ____ is closely tied to ____ function.
Structure; Function
____ ____ ____ allowed scientists to see the cell in its highly varied and organized structure.
Transmission electron microscopy
Cell components directly or indirectly involved with genetic processes are the ____, ____, and ____.
Nucleolus; Ribosome; Centriole
____ and ____ contain their own unique genetic information.
Mitochondria; Chloroplasts
A plasma membrane:
1. Defines cell ____.
2. ____ cell from its ____ environment.
3. Controls ____ of material ____ and ____ of cell.
- Boundary
- Delimits; External
- Movement; In; Out
Plant cells have a cell ____ and are composed of ____ (____).
Wall; Polysaccharide; Cellulose
Animal cells are surrounded by cell ____ (____), which is:
1. Made of ____ and ____.
2. Differs in chemical composition from ____ and ____.
3. Provides ____ identity at cell surface.
3a. Cell-surface markers ____, ____, and ____ antigens are found on _____ cells.
3b. Serve as ____ sites.
Coat; Glycocalyx
1. Glycoproteins; Polysaccharides
2. Plants; Bacteria
3. Biochemical
3a. AB; Rh; MN
3b. Recognition
Nucleus houses DNA complexed with ____ into thin fibers (____).
Proteins; Chromatin
The nucleolus is:
1. The location where ____ is synthesized and initially assembled.
2. ____ - portions of DNA that encode (previous answer).
- rRNA
- NOR (nucleolus organizer region)
Prokaryotes house their genetic material (long, ____ DNA molecule) in a ____.
Circular; Nucleoid
____ is the colloidal material which surrounds cellular organelles.
Cytosol
Microtubules made of protein ____.
Tubulin
Microfilaments derived from protein ____.
Actin
____ is made of micro____ and micro____, and provides lattice support for structures within a cell.
Cytoskeleton; Microtubules; Microfilaments
Which organelle compartmentalizes cytoplasm and increases surface area?
Membranous Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
____: site of lipid (fatty acid) synthesis.
Smooth ER
____: studded with ____: site of protein synthesis.
Rough ER; ribosomes
____: Site where genetic information in mRNA is translated to protein.
Ribosomes
____: Site of oxidative phases of cell respiration and ____ synthesis.
Mitochondria; ATP
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain ____ distinct from that found in the ____.
DNA; nucleus
____: Cytoplasmic bodies located in the ____ and organize spindle fibers that function in mitosis and meiosis.
Centrioles; Centrosome
____ ____ play an important role in movement of chromosomes as they separate during cell division.
Spindle fibers
Spindle fibers are composed of ____ consisting of ____ of protein ____.
Microtubules; Polymers; Tubulin
Locations of centromere:
1. ____: Centromere location in the middle.
2. ____: Centromere location between middle and end.
3. ____: Centromere location close to end.
4. ____: Centromere location at end.
Metacentric; Submetacentric; Acrocentric; Telocentric
____ cells (____ cells) derived from the same species have the same number of chromosomes - ____ number (2n).
Somatic; Body; Diploid
Chromosomes exist in ____. Each (previous answer) is called ____ ____.
Pairs; Homologous chromosomes
____: Number of chromosomes (often image format)
Karyotype
Genetic information in ____ set of chromosomes constitutes ____ of species.
Haploid; Genome
Homologous chromosomes have ____ genetic similarities.
1. Identical ____ ____ along their lengths.
1a. Each site is called a ____ (plural: ____).
Identical; Gene sites; Locus; Loci
____ Inheritance (____ organisms): Inheritance from two parents (ovum and sperm).
1. Each pair of ____ derived from each parent.
1a. Each ____ contains two copies of each gene.
Biparental; Diploid; Loci; Diploid
____: alternative forms of the same gene.
Allele
____-determining chromosomes are not ____.
Sex; Homologous
Y chromosome lacks most gene ____ contained on X chromosome.
Loci
In single-celled organisms, ____ serves as basis for asexual reproduction.
Mitosis
____ is responsible for wound healing, cell replacement, and growth in multicellular organisms.
Mitosis
____: Single-celled fertilized egg.
Zygote
____: Genetic material evenly divided into two ____ cells during ____ division.
Karyokinesis; Daughter; Nuclear
____: follows karyokinesis; ____ division (Partitions cellular volume into ____ parts and encloses each cell with a ____ membrane.
Cytokinesis; Cytoplasmic; Two; Plasma
G1 and G2 occur in ____.
1. No ____ ____ occurs.
2. Phase of ____ activity and cell growth ____.
Cytoplasm; DNA synthesis; Metabolic; Differentiation
By the end of ____, cell has doubled in size.
G2
____: Point in G1 where cells withdraw from cell cycle and enter nondividing but ____ active state.
G0; Metabolically
