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NASM Performance Enhancement Specialization (PES) Certification Exam Prep > Ch. 2 Science Of Human Movement > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Science Of Human Movement Flashcards

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1
Q

Plane: Sagittal

A

Motion: Flexion/extension
Axis: Coronal
Example: Biceps curls, Triceps pushdowns, squats, front lunges, calf raises, walking, running, vertical jumping, climbing stairs

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2
Q

Plane: Frontal

A

Motion: Adduction/abduction, Lateral flexion, Eversion/inversion
Axis: Anterior-posterior
Example: Side lateral raises, side lunges, side shuffling

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3
Q

Plane: Transverse

A

Motion: Internal/external rotation, Left/right spinal rotation, Horizontal adduction/abduction
Axis: Longitudinal
Example: Cable rotations, Transverse plane lunges, Throwing, Golfing, Swinging a bat

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4
Q

During Pronation (eccentric muscle function)

A

The foot: Dorsiflexes, everts, abducts
The ankle: Dorsiflexes, everts, abducts
The knee: Flexes, adducts, internally rotates
The hip: Flexes, adducts, internally rotates

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5
Q

During Supination (concentric muscle function)

A

The foot: Plantar flexes, inverts, adducts
The ankle: Plantar flexes, inverts, adducts
The knee: Extends, abducts, externally rotates
The hip: Extends, abducts, externally rotates

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6
Q

Lever Class I

A

Common Example: Teeter-totter
Body Example: Flexion-extension of the head

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7
Q

Lever Class II

A

Common Example: Wheelbarrow
Body Example: Dorsiflexion-rising up on tiptoes

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8
Q

Lever Class III

A

Common Example: Lifting a Shovel
Body Example: Forearm flexion

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9
Q

Length-tension relationship

A

The resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that length

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10
Q

Force-velocity curve

A

The relationship of muscles’ ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities

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11
Q

Rate of force production

A

how quickly a muscle can generate force

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12
Q

Muscle Action Spectrum: Concentric

A

Developing tension while a muscle is shortening; when developed tension overcomes resistive force

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13
Q

Muscle Action Spectrum: Eccentric

A

Developing tension while a muscle is
lengthening; when resistive force overcomes developed tension

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14
Q

Muscle Action Spectrum: Isometric

A

When the contractile force is equal to the resistive force

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15
Q

Muscle category: Agonists

A

Prime movers

ex. the gluteus maximus is the prime mover for hip extension.

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16
Q

Muscle category: Antagonists

A

Act in opposition to prime movers

Ex. The psoas is antagonistic to the gluteus maximus.

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17
Q

Muscle category: Synergists

A

Assist prime movers

Ex. the hamstring and the erector spinae are synergistic with the gluteus maximus during hip extension.

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18
Q

Muscle category: Stabilizers

A

support and stabilize body while agonists (prime movers) and synergists create movement

Ex. the transverse abdominis, internal oblique, multifidus, and deep erector spinae stabilize the LPHC during functional movements while the prime movers perform functional activities.

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19
Q

Behavioral Properties of Muscle

A

extensibility, elasticity, irritability, ability to develop tension

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20
Q

Local Muscular System

A

stabilization system; muscles connect directly to spine; transverse abdominis, multifidus, internal obliques, diaphragm, pelvic floor muscles

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21
Q

Peripheral Joint Support System

A

appendicular skeletal muscle; poor force production; isolated stabilization function; rotator cuff, gluteus medius (posterior fibers), vastus medialis oblique

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22
Q

Global Muscular System

A

movement musculature; four distinct subsystems

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23
Q

Deep longitudinal subsystem (DLS)

A

transmits force between trunk and ground; erector spinae, thoracolumbar fascia, sacrotuberous ligament, biceps femoris, peroneus longus

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24
Q

Posterior oblique subsystem (POS)

A

transfers force from transverse to sagittal plane; works synergistically with DLS; important for rotational activities; latissimus dorsi and contralateral gluteus maximus, cross-body bridge through thoracolumbar fascia

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25
Q

Anterior oblique subsystem (AOS)

A

similar to POS on front side of body; internal and external obliques, adductor complex, hip external rotators

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26
Q

Lateral subsystem

A

frontal plane and pelvo-femoral stability; gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, adductor complex, quadratus lumborum

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27
Q

Proprioception

A

cumulative neural input from sensory afferents to the CNS

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28
Q

Internal feedback

A

information provided by length-tension relationships, force-couple relationships, and arthrokinematics to monitor movement and environment

29
Q

External feedback

A

information provided by an external source

30
Q

Knowledge of results

A

informs athlete about the outcome of performance

31
Q

Knowledge of performance

A

informs athlete about the quality of movement during exercise

32
Q

Sensorimotor integration

A

ability of CNS to gather and interpret information to execute the proper motor response

33
Q

Motor behavior

A

Motor response to internal and external stimuli

  • Motor control
  • Motor learning
  • Motor development
34
Q

Motor control

A

how the CNS integrates sensory information with previous experience to produce a motor response

35
Q

Motor learning

A

integration of motor control with practice and experience; creates relatively permanent change in ability to produce skilled movement

36
Q

Motor development

A

Change in motor behavior over a lifetime

37
Q

Kinesiology

A

The study of human movement.

38
Q

Biomechanics

A

A physics term involving the study of how forces affect a living body.

39
Q

Ground reaction force

A

An equal and opposite external force that is exerted back onto the body by the ground.

40
Q

Quantitative analysis

A

Taking physical measurements and making mathematical computations to reach a conclusion.

41
Q

Qualitative analysis

A

Applying principles of proper technique and combining them with observations in order to make an educated evaluation.

42
Q

Human movement system

A
  • Skeletal system
  • Nervous system
  • Muscular system
43
Q

Plumb line

A

A vertical line of reference consisting of a cord with plumb bob attached to one end.

44
Q

Force

A

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.

Force = Mass × Acceleration

45
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter in an object or physical body.

46
Q

Matter

A

A substance that takes up space.

47
Q

Acceleration

A

The speed of an object.

48
Q

Weight

A

The amount of force that gravity has on the body.

49
Q

Gravity

A

A force that accelerates an object or mass downward towards the earth’s center.

50
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Joint motion

51
Q

Rotary motion

A

Movement of the bones around the joints.

52
Q

Torque

A

A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the Newton-Meter or Nm.

53
Q

Neuromuscular system

A

A combined system of the nervous and muscular systems.

54
Q

Motor unit discharge rate

A

The rate at which motor neurons discharge action potentials; also referred to as rate coding.

55
Q

Performing an exercise with elbow extension requires which muscle to be the agonist?

A

Triceps

56
Q

Which of the following muscles is considerd a synergist while performing a bench press?

A

Triceps

57
Q

The posterior oblique subsystem works synergistically with which other system?

A

Deep longitudinal

58
Q

Which of the following is a form of internal feedback?

A

Sensory information

59
Q

Which class of lever is the most common in the body?

A

III

60
Q

Which muscle behavior refers to its ability to be stretched or lengthened?

A

Extensibility

61
Q

Which of the following describes a person’s ability to change motor behavior over time throughought a life span?

A

Motor development

62
Q

Which muscular system does an athlete primarily engage during a prone iso-abs exercise?

A

Local

63
Q

Which muscle action is directly associated with accelerating supination?

A

Concentric

64
Q

Which muscle function assists the prime mover to produce movement?

A

Synergist

65
Q

How many classes of levers are present in the body?

A

Three

66
Q

Which of the following muscle actions develops tension while a muscle is lengthening?

A

Eccentric

67
Q

Which plane bisects the body into front and back halves with motion occurring around an anterior-posterior axis?

A

Frontal Plane

68
Q

When performing an exercise in the sagittal plane, around which of the following axes does the movement occur?

A

Coronal

69
Q

Which of the following muscles is part of the anterior oblique subsystem?

A

External obliques

NASM Performance Enhancement Specialization (PES) Certification Exam Prep (17 decks)

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