Ch. 2 Science Of Human Movement Flashcards
Plane: Sagittal
Motion: Flexion/extension
Axis: Coronal
Example: Biceps curls, Triceps pushdowns, squats, front lunges, calf raises, walking, running, vertical jumping, climbing stairs
Plane: Frontal
Motion: Adduction/abduction, Lateral flexion, Eversion/inversion
Axis: Anterior-posterior
Example: Side lateral raises, side lunges, side shuffling
Plane: Transverse
Motion: Internal/external rotation, Left/right spinal rotation, Horizontal adduction/abduction
Axis: Longitudinal
Example: Cable rotations, Transverse plane lunges, Throwing, Golfing, Swinging a bat
During Pronation (eccentric muscle function)
The foot: Dorsiflexes, everts, abducts
The ankle: Dorsiflexes, everts, abducts
The knee: Flexes, adducts, internally rotates
The hip: Flexes, adducts, internally rotates
During Supination (concentric muscle function)
The foot: Plantar flexes, inverts, adducts
The ankle: Plantar flexes, inverts, adducts
The knee: Extends, abducts, externally rotates
The hip: Extends, abducts, externally rotates
Lever Class I
Common Example: Teeter-totter
Body Example: Flexion-extension of the head
Lever Class II
Common Example: Wheelbarrow
Body Example: Dorsiflexion-rising up on tiptoes
Lever Class III
Common Example: Lifting a Shovel
Body Example: Forearm flexion
Length-tension relationship
The resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that length
Force-velocity curve
The relationship of muscles’ ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities
Rate of force production
how quickly a muscle can generate force
Muscle Action Spectrum: Concentric
Developing tension while a muscle is shortening; when developed tension overcomes resistive force
Muscle Action Spectrum: Eccentric
Developing tension while a muscle is
lengthening; when resistive force overcomes developed tension
Muscle Action Spectrum: Isometric
When the contractile force is equal to the resistive force
Muscle category: Agonists
Prime movers
ex. the gluteus maximus is the prime mover for hip extension.
Muscle category: Antagonists
Act in opposition to prime movers
Ex. The psoas is antagonistic to the gluteus maximus.
Muscle category: Synergists
Assist prime movers
Ex. the hamstring and the erector spinae are synergistic with the gluteus maximus during hip extension.
Muscle category: Stabilizers
support and stabilize body while agonists (prime movers) and synergists create movement
Ex. the transverse abdominis, internal oblique, multifidus, and deep erector spinae stabilize the LPHC during functional movements while the prime movers perform functional activities.
Behavioral Properties of Muscle
extensibility, elasticity, irritability, ability to develop tension
Local Muscular System
stabilization system; muscles connect directly to spine; transverse abdominis, multifidus, internal obliques, diaphragm, pelvic floor muscles
Peripheral Joint Support System
appendicular skeletal muscle; poor force production; isolated stabilization function; rotator cuff, gluteus medius (posterior fibers), vastus medialis oblique
Global Muscular System
movement musculature; four distinct subsystems
Deep longitudinal subsystem (DLS)
transmits force between trunk and ground; erector spinae, thoracolumbar fascia, sacrotuberous ligament, biceps femoris, peroneus longus
Posterior oblique subsystem (POS)
transfers force from transverse to sagittal plane; works synergistically with DLS; important for rotational activities; latissimus dorsi and contralateral gluteus maximus, cross-body bridge through thoracolumbar fascia
Anterior oblique subsystem (AOS)
similar to POS on front side of body; internal and external obliques, adductor complex, hip external rotators
Lateral subsystem
frontal plane and pelvo-femoral stability; gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, adductor complex, quadratus lumborum
Proprioception
cumulative neural input from sensory afferents to the CNS
Internal feedback
information provided by length-tension relationships, force-couple relationships, and arthrokinematics to monitor movement and environment
External feedback
information provided by an external source
Knowledge of results
informs athlete about the outcome of performance
Knowledge of performance
informs athlete about the quality of movement during exercise
Sensorimotor integration
ability of CNS to gather and interpret information to execute the proper motor response
Motor behavior
Motor response to internal and external stimuli
- Motor control
- Motor learning
- Motor development
Motor control
how the CNS integrates sensory information with previous experience to produce a motor response
Motor learning
integration of motor control with practice and experience; creates relatively permanent change in ability to produce skilled movement
Motor development
Change in motor behavior over a lifetime
Kinesiology
The study of human movement.
Biomechanics
A physics term involving the study of how forces affect a living body.
Ground reaction force
An equal and opposite external force that is exerted back onto the body by the ground.
Quantitative analysis
Taking physical measurements and making mathematical computations to reach a conclusion.
Qualitative analysis
Applying principles of proper technique and combining them with observations in order to make an educated evaluation.
Human movement system
- Skeletal system
- Nervous system
- Muscular system
Plumb line
A vertical line of reference consisting of a cord with plumb bob attached to one end.
Force
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
Force = Mass × Acceleration
Mass
The amount of matter in an object or physical body.
Matter
A substance that takes up space.
Acceleration
The speed of an object.
Weight
The amount of force that gravity has on the body.
Gravity
A force that accelerates an object or mass downward towards the earth’s center.
Arthrokinematics
Joint motion
Rotary motion
Movement of the bones around the joints.
Torque
A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the Newton-Meter or Nm.
Neuromuscular system
A combined system of the nervous and muscular systems.
Motor unit discharge rate
The rate at which motor neurons discharge action potentials; also referred to as rate coding.
Performing an exercise with elbow extension requires which muscle to be the agonist?
Triceps
Which of the following muscles is considerd a synergist while performing a bench press?
Triceps
The posterior oblique subsystem works synergistically with which other system?
Deep longitudinal
Which of the following is a form of internal feedback?
Sensory information
Which class of lever is the most common in the body?
III
Which muscle behavior refers to its ability to be stretched or lengthened?
Extensibility
Which of the following describes a person’s ability to change motor behavior over time throughought a life span?
Motor development
Which muscular system does an athlete primarily engage during a prone iso-abs exercise?
Local
Which muscle action is directly associated with accelerating supination?
Concentric
Which muscle function assists the prime mover to produce movement?
Synergist
How many classes of levers are present in the body?
Three
Which of the following muscle actions develops tension while a muscle is lengthening?
Eccentric
Which plane bisects the body into front and back halves with motion occurring around an anterior-posterior axis?
Frontal Plane
When performing an exercise in the sagittal plane, around which of the following axes does the movement occur?
Coronal
Which of the following muscles is part of the anterior oblique subsystem?
External obliques
