Ch 2- Research Methodology

Question 0

Replication

Answer 0

Repeating a study and getting same/similar results

Question 1

Scientific Inquiry

Answer 1

Contributing Careful scientific research

Question 2

Operational definition

Answer 2

(Of a variable) - identifying/ quantifying variables

Question 3

Longitudinal Study

Answer 3

Studies same participants over a period of time

- good data, but expensive + drop outs

Question 4

Cohort effect

Answer 4

Ex: in a Cross sectional study- groups differ OUTSIDE OF the variable- (ex: group of old/New, changes might be due to societal norms, etc)

Question 5

Cross- Sectional Study

Answer 5

Studies participants of different groups to compare/learn about both (ex: intelligence of young/old)

• fast, cheaper
• but possible other variable

Question 6

Experimenter expectancy effect

Answer 6

Observer bias bc of expectations

ex: Rat experiment study

Question 7

Blind

Answer 7

Subjects not knowing the true study’s purpose

Question 8

external validity

Answer 8

degree that you can apply your findings to the world

Question 9

reactivity

Answer 9

Hawthorne Effect- subjects act differently bc they’re being watched

Question 10

better- than- average effect

Answer 10

everyone thinks they’re better than asvreage____

Question 11

Response Performance

Answer 11

1- reaction time
2- response accuracy
3- stimulus judgement

Question 12

experience sampling

Answer 12

take several samples of participant’s experiences over time ex: student recording events w notebook

Question 13

psycophysiological assessment

Answer 13

measure how body functions change in association with mental states

Question 14

electrophysiology

Answer 14

data collection method measuring electrical activity in brain
- uses electrodes on scalp

Question 16

electroencephalograph (EEG)

Answer 16

measures brain activity

-records ALL activity= too much “noise” to specify responses

Question 17

Event- related potential (ERP)

Answer 17

enables observation of patterns associated with events (like EEG graphs)

Question 18

Directionality Problem

Answer 18

• which causes which?

Question 19

stimulus judgement

Answer 19

• type of response performance
• see if they notice light sound/touch/etc
• judge if objects are same color, size, etc.

Question 20

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulus (TMS)

Answer 20

uses magnetic field to disrupt brain activity in a region

-but used in short periods/ only places close to scalp ex: disrupt speech

Question 21

reliability

Answer 21

stability/consistency of results over time

Question 22

MRI

Answer 22

• completely safe

- reads energy released by brain

Question 23

PET

Answer 23

injection of radioactive chemical

• uses blood flow activity
• 3D image

Question 24

fMRI

Answer 24

measures blood lfow indirectly, by oxygen level

Question 25

risk/benefit analysis

Answer 25

is research safe enough?

Question 26

2 types of error

Answer 26

1) random- different each time -avrgs out overtime ex: guy using stopwatch
2) systematic- same each time -bigger problem
ex: sow stopwatch

Question 27

central tendancy

Answer 27

most common response = mean, median,mode

Question 28

Descriptive Stat.

Answer 28

provide summaries for data

Question 29

Inferential Stat.

Answer 29

judge if difference exists in our population

Question 30

statistically significant

Answer 30

if results >5%, there is effect

Question 31

Meta- analysis

Answer 31

looking at mult. studies for more accurate conclusion

Question 32

Necessary Conditions for Causality

Answer 32

1) relationship between A & B
2) temporal antecedence- proper time order
3) No alternative explanation (confounding variable)