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Analysis of Urine and Body Fluids > Ch. 2 - Renal Function > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - Renal Function Flashcards

1
Q

Functional units of the kidney

A

Nephron

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2
Q

Enumerate the 2 types of nephrons

A

Cortical

Juxtamedullary

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3
Q

Makes up 85% of the nephrons, primarily situated in the cortex of the kidney and responsible for removal of waste products and reabsorption of nutrients

A

Cortical nephrons

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4
Q

Type of nephron that has a longer loop of Henle that extends deep into to the medulla of the kidney. Primary function is concentration of the urine

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

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5
Q

What renal functions control the ability of the kidney to clear waste products selectively from the blood and simultaneously maintain the body’s essentail water and electrolyte balances?

A

Renal blood flow
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

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6
Q

What supplies blood to the kidney?

A

Renal artery

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7
Q

Blood enters the capillaries of the nephron through the _____.

A

Afferent arteriole

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8
Q

Blood flows through the glomerulus and into the _____.

A

Efferent arteriole

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9
Q

The (smaller/larger) size of the efferent arteriole increases the glomerular capillary pressure.

A

Smaller

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10
Q

Before returning to the renal vein, blood from the efferent arteriole enters the _____ and the _____ and flows slowly through the cortex and medulla of the kidney close to the tubules.

A

Peritubular capillaries

Vasa Recta

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11
Q

The immediate reabsorption of essential substances ocuurs in the _____.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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12
Q

Final adjustment of urine concentration occurs in the _____

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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13
Q

The major exchange of water and salt between the blood and medullary interstitium take place in what area?

A

Loop of Henle

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14
Q

This exchange maintains the osmotic gradient (salt concentration) in the medulla.

A

Exchange of water and salt between the blood and medullary interstitium.

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15
Q

Based on the average size of 1.73 m^2, the total renal blood flow is approximately _____, and the total renal plasma flow ranges _____.

A

1,200 mL/min, 600 - 700 mL/min

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16
Q

The glomerulus consists of a coil of approximately eight capillary lobes referred to as the _____

A

Capillary tufts

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17
Q

It is located within the Bowman’s capsule; it seves as a non-selective filter of plasma substances with molecular weights of less than 70,000.

A

Glomerulus

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18
Q

Forms the beginning of the renal tubule

A

Bowman’s capsule

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19
Q

Enumerate the factors that influence the actual filtration rate in the kidney

A

Cellular structure of the capillary walls and Bowman’s capsule
Hydrostatic and Oncotic pressure
Feedback mechanisms of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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20
Q

The plasma filtrate must pass through three cellular layers in the glomerulus which are:

A

Capillary wall membrane
Basement membrane
Visceral epithelium of Bowman’s capsule

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21
Q

The _____ cells of the capillary wall contains pores and are referred to as fenestrated.

A

Endothelial

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22
Q

The pores in the endothelial cells increase capillary permeability but do not allow the passage of _____ and _____ cells

A

Large molecules and Blood cells.

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23
Q

By increasing or decreasing the size of the (Afferent/Efferent) arteriole, an autoregulatory mechanism within the juxtaglomerulal apparatus maintains the glomerular blood pressure at a relatively constant rate regardless of fluctuations in systemic blood pressure.

A

Afferent

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24
Q

RAAS stands for

A

Rein-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System

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25
Q

Controls the regulation of the flow of blood to and within the glomerulus. Responds to changes in blood pressure and plasma sodium content.

A

RAAS

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26
Q

Monitors the changes in blood pressure and plasma sodium content.

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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27
Q

Consists of Juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole and the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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28
Q

Low _____ content decreases water retention within the circulatory system, resulting in a decreased overall blood volume and subsequent decrease in blood pressure.

A

Plasma sodium

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29
Q

An enzyme produced by the juxtaglomerular cells. Secreted when the macula densa senses changes such as the decrease in low plasma sodium content, overall blood volume, and blood pressure.

A

Renin

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30
Q

Reacts with the blood-borne substrate angiotensinogen to produce the inert hormone angiotensin 1.

A

Renin

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31
Q

Formed when renin reacts with angiotensinogen

A

Angiotensin 1

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32
Q

As angiotensin 1 passes through the lungs, what enzyme changes it to the active form angiotensin 2

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)

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33
Q

Formed when ACE changes angiotensin 1 into its active form

A

Angiotensin 2

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34
Q

What are the ways angiotensin 2 corrects renal blood flow?

A

Vasodilation of the Afferent arterioles
Constriction of the Efferent arterioles
Stimulating reabsorption of sodium in the proximal convoluted tubules
Triggering the release of the sodium-retaining hormone:
Aldosterone by the adrenal cortex and
Antidiuretic hormone by the hypothalamus

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35
Q

Angiotensin 2 corrects renal blood flow by causing:

(Vasodilation/Constriction) of the Afferent arterioles;

A

Vasodilation

36
Q

Angiotensin 2 corrects renal blood flow by causing:

(Vasodilation/Constriction) of the Efferent arterioles;

A

Constriction

37
Q

Angiotensin 2 corrects renal blood flow by:

Stimulating reabsorption of sodium in the (proximal/distal) convoluted tubules

A

Proximal

38
Q

Angiotensin 2 corrects renal blood flow by:
Triggering the release of the sodium-retaining hormone _____ by the adrenal cortex, causing reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

A

Aldosterone

39
Q

Angiotensin 2 corrects renal blood flow by:

Triggering the release of _____ by the hypothalamus to stimulate water reabsorption in the collecting duct

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

40
Q

As systematic blood pressure and plasma sodium content increase, the secretion of renin (increases/decreases)?

A

Decreases

41
Q

The fluid that leaves the glomerulus has a specific gravity of _____ and confirms that it is an ultrafiltrate of plasma

A

1.010

42
Q

When the plasma ultrafiltrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule, the _____, through cellular transport mechanisms, begin reabsorbing the essential substances and water

A

Nephrons

43
Q

Enumerate substances that undergo Active transport

A

Glucose, Amino acids, Salts, Chloride, Sodium

44
Q

Enumerate substances that undergo Passive transport

A

Water, Urea, Sodium

45
Q

The active transport of glucose, amino acids, and salts occur at what location?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

46
Q

The active transport of chloride occurs at what location?

A

Ascending loop of Henle

47
Q

The active transport of sodium occurs at what location?

A

Proximal and Distal convoluted tubules

48
Q

The passive transport of water occurs at what location?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending loop of Henle
Collecting duct

49
Q

The passive transport of Urea occurs at what location?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

Ascending loop of Henle

50
Q

The passive transport of sodium occurs at what location?

A

Ascending loop of Henle

51
Q

What substances transports passively through the PCT?

A

Water and Urea

52
Q

What substances transports passively through the Acending loop of Henle?

A

Sodium and Urea

53
Q

What substances transports actively through the PCT?

A

Glucose, Amino acids, Salts and Sodium

54
Q

What substance can undergo both active and passive transport?

A

Sodium

55
Q

What are the cellular mechanisms involved in tubular reabsorption?

A

Active and Passive transport

56
Q

For this type of transport mechanism to occur, the substance to be reabsorbed must combine with a carrier protein contained in the membranes of the renal tubular cells.

A

Active transport

57
Q

The type of transport wherein the movement of molecules across a membrane is the result of differences in their concentration or electrical potential on opposite sides of the membranes (gradient).

A

Passive transport

58
Q

Passive reabsorption of water takes place in all parts of the nephrons except the _____, the walls of which are impermeable to water.

A

Ascending loop of Henle

59
Q

It is referred to as the differences of molecules in terms of their concentration or electrical potential on opposite sides of the membrane.

A

Gradient

60
Q

Passive reabsorption of _____ accompanies the active transport of chloride in the ascending loop.

A

Sodium

61
Q

What happens when the plasma concentration of a substance that is normally completely reabsorbed reaches an abnormally high level?

A

The filtrate concentration exceeds the maximal reabsorptive capacity (Tm) of the tubules
The substance begins appearing in urine

62
Q

The plasma concentration at which active transports stops is termed _____.

A

Renal thresholl

63
Q

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

A

160 - 180 mg/dL

64
Q

Renal concentrations begin in the _____ and _____, where the filtrate is exposed to the high osmotic gradient of the renal medulla.

A

Descending loop of Henle,

Ascending loop of Henle

65
Q

_____ is removed by osmosis in the descending loop of Henle, and _____ and _____ are reabsorbed in the ascending loop.

A

Water;

Sodium, chloride

66
Q

Excessive reabsorption is prevented by the water-impermeable walls of the ascending loop. This selective reabsorption process is called the _____ and serves to maintain the osmotic gradient of the medulla.

A

Concurrent mechanism

67
Q

After getting reabsorbed in the ascending loop of Henle, sodium is continually reabsorbed in the _____, under the control of the hormone _____, which regulates reabsorption in response to the body’s need for sodium.

A

Distal convoluted tubule;

Aldosterone

68
Q

The final concentration of the filtrate through the reabsorption of water begins at the _____ and continues in the _____.

A

Distal convoluted tubule;

Collecting ducts

69
Q

The hormone that renders the walls of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct permeable or impermeable to water.

A

Vasopressin

Antidiuretic hormone

70
Q

A (high/low) level of ADH increases permeability resulting in increased reabsorption of water, and a (high/low)-volume concentrated urine.

A

High;

Low

71
Q

A (high/low) level of ADH renders the walls impermeable to water, resulting in a (high/low)-volume dilute urine.

A

Low;

High

72
Q

Production of aldosterone is controlled by the body’s _____ concentration, while production of ADH is determined by the state of body hydration.

A

Sodium

73
Q

Increased Body hydration (Fluid volume)
(Increased/Decreased) ADH
(Increased/Decreased) Urine volume

A

Decreased;

Increased

74
Q

Decreased Body hydration (Fluid volume)
(Increased/Decreased) ADH
(Increased/Decreased) Urine volume

A

Increased;

Decreased

75
Q

It is a condition wherein there is increased urine volume

A

Polyuria

76
Q

It is a condition wherein there is decreased urine volume

A

Oliguria

77
Q

It is a condition wherein there is no urine output

A

Anuria

78
Q

This process involves the passage of substances from the blood in the peritubular capillaries to the tubular filtrate.

A

Tubular secretion

79
Q

What are the two major functions of the tubular secretion?

A

Elimination of waste products not filtered by the glomerulus

Regulation of the acid-base balance in the body through the secretion of hydrogen atoms

80
Q

The major site for removal of these nonfiltered substances (substances bound to protein carriers) is the _____.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

81
Q

What is the normal blood pH?

A

7.4

82
Q

The buffering capacity of the blood depends on what type of ions? These are readily filtered by the glomerulus and must be expediently returned to the blood to maintain the proper pH.

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions

83
Q

The secretion of _____ ions by the renal tubular cells into the filtrate prevents the filtered bicarbonate from being excreted in the urine, and causes a return of a bicarbonate ion to the plasma.

A

Hydrogen (H+) ions

84
Q

Reabsorption of the filtered bicarbonate occurs primarily in the _____.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

85
Q

To what can the hydrogen (H+) ion bind to/react with so that it will be excreted in the urine?

A

Phosphate ion,

Ammonia

86
Q

It is the inabilty to produce an acid urine. Caused by a disruption in the secretion of hydrogen ions or reabsorption of bicarbonate ions

A

Metabolic acidosis

Renal tubular acidosis

Analysis of Urine and Body Fluids (6 decks)

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