Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SOC 224 > Ch. 2 - Explaining Deviance (Intro and Functionalist Theories) > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - Explaining Deviance (Intro and Functionalist Theories) Flashcards

1
Q

Why are theories necessary?

A

Because facts never interpret themselves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did early theories of deviance focus on?

A

The supernatural.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When did theories of deviance move on from a focus on the supernatural?

A

During the Enlightenment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is demonology?

A

The theory that deviance and crime resulted from demonic possession of temptation by the devil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Are supernatural explanations done away with now?

A

No, the catholic church still practices exorcisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Lombroso believe?

A

That criminals were atavists.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are atavists?

A

Evolutionary throwbacks incapable of behaving by society’s rules. Distinguished by various traits known as stigmata.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two broad types of theories?

A

Objective and subjective.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What three types of theories are included within objective theories?

A

Functionalist, learning, and social control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 5 functionalist theories?

A

Durkheim’s Anomie, Merton’s Anomie and Strain, Cloward and Ohlin’s Differential Opportunity, Agnew’s General Strain, and Cohen’s Status Frustration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the assumptions underlying functionalist theories?

A

The social structure creates deviance, social structures fulfil important functions and are necessary for social order, and the rules that make up social order are based on consensus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two types of functions that social structures fulfil under the functionalist assumption?

A

Manifest and latent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are manifest functions?

A

Intended functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are latent functions?

A

Unintended [dys]functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does Durkheim’s Anomie theory state?

A

A certain level of deviance is functional for society, but beyond this level it becomes dysfunctional.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

[Durkheim’s Anomie] How can a certain level of deviance be functional?

A

By increasing social solidarity and uniting us against deviance and by determining and testing moral boundaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

[Durkheim’s Anomie] What transition led to the creation of deviance?

A

As mechanical solidarity gave way to organic solidarity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

[Durkheim’s Anomie] What is mechanical vs. organic solidarity?

A

Mechanical solidarity involved lots of people being similar, organic solidarity is lots of people being different.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

[Durkheim’s Anomie] How did the transition from mechanical to organic solidarity lead to deviance?

A

People’s relationships became more impersonal, this rapid social change led to anomie, which leads to harmful levels of deviance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is anomie?

A

Normlessness; lack of structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some examples of anomie?

A

During wartimes or after natural disasters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two key concepts for Merton’s Anomie & Strain theory?

A

Institutionalized goals and legitimate means.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

[Merton’s Anomie & Strain] What are institutionalized goals?

A

Culturally identified goals for success.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

[Merton’s Anomie & Strain] What are legitimate means?

A

Culturally approved ways of obtaining goals.

25
Q

[Merton’s Anomie & Strain] How does deviance result from institutionalized goals and legitimate means?

A

Everyone is socialized to pursue the goals, but the structure of society makes access to the legitimate means easier for some than others.

26
Q

[Merton’s Anomie & Strain] Why does anomie result?

A

When goals become more important than the means (deinstitutionalization of the means).

27
Q

[Merton’s Anomie & Strain] Why does strain result?

A

When there is a structural gap between the goals and the means.

28
Q

[Merton’s Anomie & Strain] What are the five modes of adaptation?

A

Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.

29
Q

[Merton’s Anomie & Strain] What is conformity?

A

Acceptance of goals and means.

30
Q

[Merton’s Anomie & Strain] What is innovation?

A

Acceptance of goals, rejection of means.

31
Q

[Merton’s Anomie & Strain] What is ritualism?

A

Rejection of goals, acceptance of means.

32
Q

[Merton’s Anomie & Strain] What is retreatism?

A

Rejection of goals and means.

33
Q

[Merton’s Anomie & Strain] What is rebellion?

A

Rejection and substitution of goals and means.

34
Q

[Merton’s Anomie & Strain] Which modes of adaptation are seen as most deviant?

A

Innovation and retreatism.

35
Q

How does Differential Opportunity theory differ from Merton’s Strain theory?

A

The structure of society doesn’t only result in differential access to legitimate opportunities (means), but also access to illegitimate means.

36
Q

[Cloward & Ohlin’s Differential Opportunity] How does one become deviant?

A

It depends on one’s access to illegitimate opportunities in their place of work or residence.

37
Q

[Cloward & Ohlin’s Differential Opportunity] What are the three types of youth gangs?

A

Criminal, retreatist, and conflict.

38
Q

[Cloward & Ohlin’s Differential Opportunity] What is the point of criminal gangs? Where do they emerge?

A

To make money. They emerge in areas where there is an adult criminal subculture that young people can participate in.

39
Q

[Cloward & Ohlin’s Differential Opportunity] What is the point of retreatist gangs? Where do they emerge?

A

To retreat into heavy drug use. They emerge in areas where people are failures at both legitimate and illegitimate opportunities.

40
Q

[Cloward & Ohlin’s Differential Opportunity] What is the point of conflict gangs? Where do they emerge?

A

They use competition and violence as a way to ensure their dominance. Emerging in areas characterized by a lack of stability, transience, and a lack of legitimate and illegitimate role models.

41
Q

[Agnew’s General Strain] What must combine with strain to cause deviance?

A

Strain must be accompanied by negative affect.

42
Q

[Agnew’s General Strain] How can strain come about?

A

Loss of something or negative life experiences.

43
Q

[Agnew’s General Strain] When is deviance most likely?

A

When strain is unjust, sever,e and unable to be controlled.

44
Q

What is the main concept in Cohen’s Status Frustration theory?

A

The middle-class measuring rod.

45
Q

[Cohen’s Status Frustration] What is the middle-class measuring rod?

A

The standards against which we evaluate ourselves and others emphasizes middle class values (manners, hard work).

46
Q

[Cohen’s Status Frustration] What occurs when lower-class boys are exposed to middle-class aspirations they can’t obtain?

A

Status frustration.

47
Q

[Cohen’s Status Frustration] What is status frustration?

A

Not being able to get out of a born class.

48
Q

[Cohen’s Status Frustration] What do boys experiencing status frustration do?

A

Join with similarly situated boys to develop their own oppositional norms and values by which they are able to achieve status.

49
Q

[Cohen’s Status Frustration] What is the name of the process by which status frustrated boys join together?

A

Mutual conversion.

50
Q

[Cohen’s Status Frustration] What is the name of the process by which mutually converted boys act out against middle-class norms?

A

Reaction formation.

51
Q

[Cohen’s Status Frustration] What do mutually converted boys value?

A

Being tough, hedonistic, and the general opposite of all middle-class norms and values.

52
Q

[Cohen’s Status Frustration] Why did Cohen reason the boys engaged in reaction formation?

A

In order to overcome anxiety stemming from their inability to achieve middle-class standards.

53
Q

What are the two criticisms of functionalism from a logic perspective?

A

Teleological and tautological.

54
Q

What is the teleological criticism of functionalism?

A

It tells us that there re goals that must be fulfilled, and that institutions are needed to fulfil them. But it doesn’t specify why they are necessary.

55
Q

What is the tautological criticism of functionalism?

A

It’s based on circular reasoning. We see families socializing children, the socialization of children is an important function of the family.

56
Q

What are the three criticisms of functionalism based on ideology/politics?

A

Conservative bias, androcentric bias, and assumes deviance is a lower-class phenomenon.

57
Q

What is the conservative bias criticism?

A

That anything can be justified as functional in some way. By not challenging issues it also encourages the status quo.

58
Q

What is the androcentric bias criticism?

A

Women are ignored by functionalist theories.

SOC 224 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions