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Bio 121 > Ch. 2 Defined Words > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Defined Words Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

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2
Q

Mass

A

A physical property that determines the weight of an object in Earth’s gravitational field; the amount of material in mater.

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3
Q

Atom

A

The smallest stable unit of matter.

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4
Q

Protons

A

A fundamental subatomic particle having positive charge.

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5
Q

Neutron

A

A fundamental particle that does not have a positive or a negative charge.

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6
Q

Elecreon

A

One of the three fundamental subatomic particles; has a negative charge and normally orbits the protons of the nucleus.

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

The central region of an atom. (1) A cellular organelle that contains DNA, RNA, and proteins; in the central nervous system, a mass of gray matter.

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8
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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9
Q

Element

A

All the atoms with the same atomic number.

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10
Q

Isotopes

A

Forms of an element whose atoms contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons (and thus differ in atomic mass.

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11
Q

Atomic weight

A

The average of different atomic masses and isotope proportions of a particular element.

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12
Q

Mole

A

A quantity of an element or compound having a mass in grams equal to the element’s atomic weight or to the compound’s molecular weight.

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13
Q

Molecule

A

A chemical structure containing two or more atoms that are bonded together by shared electrons

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14
Q

Compound

A

A pure chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements in a fixed proportion, regardless of the type of chemical bond joining them

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15
Q

Molecular weight

A

The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule or compound

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16
Q

Ion

A

An atom or molecule having a positive or negative charge due to the loss or gain, respectively, of one or more electrons

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17
Q

Cation

A

An ion having a positive charge.

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18
Q

Anion

A

An ion having a negative charge.

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19
Q

Ionic bonds

A

A molecular bond created by the attraction between ions with opposite charges

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20
Q

Covalent bond

A

A chemical bond between atoms that involves the sharing of electrons.

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21
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

CO2; a compound produced by the decarboxylation reactions of aerobic metabolism.

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22
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A weak interaction between the hydrogen atom on one molecule and a negatively charged portion of another molecule.

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23
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all biochemical processes under way within the human body at any moment; includes anabolism and catabolism.

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24
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

A chemical reaction that breaks a molecule into smaller fragments.

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25
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

The breakage of a chemical bond through the addition of a water molecule; the reverse of dehydration synthesis.

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26
Q

Catabolism

A

The breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler components, accompanied by the release of energy.

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27
Q

Dehydration synthesis reaction

A

The joining of two molecules associated with the removal of a water molecule.

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28
Q

Anabolism

A

The synthesis of complex organic compounds from simpler precursors.

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29
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that catalyze a specific biochemical reaction.

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30
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that accelerates a specific chemical reaction but that is not altered by the reaction.

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31
Q

Nutrient

A

An inorganic or organic substance that can be used by the body as a cofactors or to produce energy.

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32
Q

Metabolites

A

Compounds produced in the body as a result of metabolic reactions.

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33
Q

Organic compounds

A

A compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and inmost cases oxygen.

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34
Q

Solution

A

A fluid containing dissolved materials.

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35
Q

Solvent

A

The fluid component of a solution.

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36
Q

Solute

A

Any materials dissolved in a solution.

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37
Q

Ionization

A

The dissociation of an atom, molecule, or substance into ions; also called dissociation.

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38
Q

Electrolytes

A

Soluble inorganic compounds whose ions will conduct an electrical current in solution.

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39
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Freely associating with water; readily entering into solution; water loving.

40
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Incapable of freely associating with water molecules; insolvable; water fearing.

41
Q

Colloid/ colloidal suspension

A

A solution containing large organic molecules in suspension.

42
Q

Hydrogen ion

A

A hydrogen atom that has lost an electron; a proton.

43
Q

Hydroxide ion

A

OH-

44
Q

pH

A

The negative exponent (negative logarithm) of the hydrogen iono concentration, expressed in moles per liter.

45
Q

Acid

A

A compound whose dissociation in solution releases a hydrogen ion and an anion; an acidic solution has a pH below 7.0 and has an excess of hydrogen ions.

46
Q

Base

A

A compound whose dissociation releases a hydroxide ion (OH-) or removes a hydrogen ion (H^1) from the solution.

47
Q

Salt

A

An inorganic compound consisting of a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH-.

48
Q

Buffers

A

A compound that stabilizes the pH of a solution by removing or releasing hydrogen ions.

49
Q

Monomer

A

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

50
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule consisting of a long chain of monomer subunits.

51
Q

Carbohydrate

A

An organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio that approximates 1:2:1.

52
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A simple sugar, such as glucose or ribose.

53
Q

Glucose

A

A six-carbon sugar, C6H12O6; the preferred energy source for most cells and normally the only energy source for neurons.

54
Q

Disaccharide

A

A compound formed by the joining of two simple sugars by dehydration synthesis.

55
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A complex sugar, such as glycogen or a starch.

56
Q

Glycogen

A

A polysaccharide that is an important energy reserve; a polymer consisting of a long chain of glucose molecules.

57
Q

Lipids

A

An organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen,and oxygen in a ratio that does not approximate 1:2:1; includes fats, oils, and waxes.

58
Q

Fatty acid

A

Hydrocarbon chains that end in a carboxyl group.

59
Q

Prostaglandin

A

A fatty acid secreted by one cell that alters the metabolic activities or sensitivities of adjacent cells; also called local hormone.

60
Q

Glycerine

A

Lipids composed of glycerol bound to fatty acids.

61
Q

Monoglyceride

A

A lipid consisting of a single fatty acid bound to a molecule of glycerol.

62
Q

Triglyceride

A

A lipid that is composed of a molecule of glycerol attached to three fatty acids.

63
Q

Steroid

A

A ring-shaped lipid structurally related to cholesterol.

64
Q

Cholesterol

A

A steroid component of plasma membranes and a substrate for the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts.

65
Q

Phospholipid

A

An important membrane lipid whose structure includes both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

66
Q

Glycolipids

A

Compounds created by the combination of carbohydrate and lipid components.

67
Q

Protein

A

A large polypeptide with a complex structure

68
Q

Amino acids

A

Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen’ building block of protein; chemical structure can be summarized as R-CHNH2-COOH.

69
Q

Peptide bond

A

A covalent bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.

70
Q

Peptides

A

A Cain of amino acids liked by peptide bonds.

71
Q

Polypeptide

A

A chain of amino acids strung together by peptide bonds; those containing more than 100 peptides are called proteins.

72
Q

Tertiary structure

A

The protein structure that results from interactions among distant portions of the same molecule; complex coiling and folding.

73
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

The three-dimensional protein structure produced by interactions between protein subunits.

74
Q

Globular proteins

A

Proteins whose tertiary structure makes hem round and compact.

75
Q

Substrate

A

A participant (product or reactant) in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

76
Q

Cofactor

A

Ions or molecules that must be attached to the active site before an enzyme can function.

EX: mineral ions and several vitamins

77
Q

Coenzymes

A

Complex organic cofactors; most are structurally related to vitamins.

78
Q

Denaturation

A

A temporary or permanent change in the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

79
Q

Glycoprotein

A

A compound containing a relatively small carbohydrate group attached to a large protein.

80
Q

Proteoglycan

A

A substance containing a large polysaccharide complex linked by polypeptide chains.

EX: hyalurona (hyaluronic acid) and chondroitin sulfate.

81
Q

Mucus

A

A lubricating fluid that is composed of water and much is and is produced by unicellular and multicellular glands along the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts.

82
Q

Nuclei acid

A

A polymer of nucleotides that contains a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases that regulate the synthesis of proteins and make up the genetic material in cells.

83
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

A nucleic acid consisting of a double chain of nucleotides that contains the sugar deoxyribose and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

84
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

A nucleic acid consisting of a chain of nucleotides that contain the sugar ribose and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

85
Q

Nucleotide

A

A compound consisting of a nitrogenous base, a simple sugar, and phosphate group.

86
Q

Ribose

A

A five-carbon sugar that is a structural component of RNA.

87
Q

Deoxyribose

A

A five-carbon sugar resembling ribose but lacking an oxygen atom.

88
Q

Adenine (A)

A

A purine; on of the nitrogenous bases in the nuclei acids RNA and DNA.

89
Q

Guanine (G)

A

A purine; one of the nitrogenous bases in the nuclei acids RNA and DNA.

90
Q

Cytosine (C)

A

A pyrimidine ; one of the nitrogenous bases in the nuclei acids RNA and DNA.

91
Q

Thymine (T)

A

A pyrimidine; one of the nitrogenous bases in the nuclei acid DNA.

92
Q

Uracil (U)

A

A pyrimidine; one of the nitrogenous bases in the nuclei acid RNA.

93
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The addition of a high-energy phosphate group to a molecule.

94
Q

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

A

A compound consisting of adenosine with two phosphate groups attached.

95
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A high-energy compound consisting of adenosine with three phosphate groups attached; the third is attached by a high-energy bond.

96
Q

Artificial sweetener

A

Organic molecules that can stimulate taste buds and provide a sweet taste to foods without adding substantial amounts of calories to the diet.

97
Q

Heavy metal

A

The term used for a group of elements on the “heavier” end of the periodic table of elements. Some heavy metals—cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, strontium, and zinc—are essential to health in trace amounts. Others are nonessential and can be harmful to health in excessive amounts. These include cadmium, antimony, chromium, mercury, lead, and arsenic.

Bio 121 (12 decks)

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