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Psychology 127B Test 1 > Ch 2: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology > Flashcards

Ch 2: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Paradigm

A

a conceptual framework or approach within which a scientist works; a set of basic assumptions

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2
Q

Genes

A

carriers of genetic information (DNA) which are passed from parent to child

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3
Q

Gene Expression

A

when proteins switch genes on and off

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4
Q

Polygenic

A

several genes, perhaps operating at different times during the course of development

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5
Q

Heritability

A

the extent to which variability in a particular behavior (or disorder) in a population can be accounted for by genetic factors

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6
Q

Shared Environment

A

things that members of a family have in common (ex. income level, child-rearing practices, parental marital status and quality)

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7
Q

Non-shared Environment

A

things believed to be distinct among members of a family (ex. relationships with friends, specific events unique to a person)

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8
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

the study of the degree to which genes and environmental factors influence behavior (NOT how genes or the environment influence behavior); often estimate the heritability of a mental illness, without providing info on how the genes work

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9
Q

Genotype

A

total genetic makeup of an individual; cannot be observed outwardly; shouldn’t be viewed as static, genes can be switched on and off

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10
Q

Phenotype

A

the totality of observable behavioral characteristics (ex. level of anxiety); product of an interaction between genotype and environment

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11
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

seeks to identify particular genes and their functions; recently focused on identifying differences between people in the sequence of their genes and in the structure of their genes

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12
Q

Alleles

A

different forms of the same genes; found at the same location, or locus, on a chromosome pair

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13
Q

Polymorphism

A

a difference in DNA sequence on a gene that occurred in a population

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14
Q

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)

A

a difference between people in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence of a particular gene; nearly 10 million identified so far; studied in relation many disorders

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15
Q

Copy Number Variations (CNVs)

A

an abnormal copy of one or more sections of DNA within a gene; can be present in a single gene or multiple genes; additions or deletions; can be inherited or spontaneously arise

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16
Q

Gene-Environment Interaction

A

a given person’s sensitivity to an environmental event is influenced by genes

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17
Q

Serotonin Transporter Gener (5-HTT)

A

has polymorphism such that people can have long or short alleles of the protein; people who have short alleles and are maltreated more likely to develop depression; gene-environment interaction

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18
Q

Epigenetics

A

study of how the environment can alter gene expression or function

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19
Q

Reciprocal Gene-Environment Interaction

A

the ways that genes may promote certain kinds of environments; genes may predispose us to seek out certain environments that then increase our risk for developing a particular disorder

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20
Q

Neuroscience Paradigm

A

holds that mental disorders are linked to aberrant processes in the brain

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21
Q

Neuron

A

cells that make up the nervous system; made up of the cell body, several dendrites, one or more axons, and terminal buttons

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22
Q

Synapse

A

small gap between the terminal endings of the sending axon and the cell membrane of the receiving neuron

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that allow neurons to send a signal across the synapse to another neuron, causing the post-synaptic neuron to fire

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24
Q

Reuptake

A

the process of taking released neurotransmitter back into the presynaptic cell

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25
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitter potentially involved in depression, mania, and schizophrenia

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26
Q

Serotonin

A

neurotransmitter potentially involved in depression, mania, and schizophrenia

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27
Q

Norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter that communicates with the sympathetic nervous system; involved in producing states of high arousal; may be involved in anxiety disorders and stress related conditions

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28
Q

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

A

neurotransmitter that inhibits nerve impulses throughout most areas of the brain and may be involved in anxiety disorders

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29
Q

Second Messengers

A

mechanism to control the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons; released when a cell has been firing more frequently, play a role in adjusting sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors to dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

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30
Q

Agonist

A

a drug that stimulates a particular neurotransmitter’s receptors (ex. mimics serotonin causing the same effects)

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31
Q

Antagonist

A

a drug that works on a neurotransmitter’s receptors to dampen the activity of that neurotransmitter (ex. dopamine antagonist blocks dopamine receptors, stops from firing)

32
Q

Glial Cell

A

type of brain cell that interacts with neurons and helps control how neurons work; have been implicated in some disorders, such as dementia and schizophrenia

33
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

band of nerve fibers that serves as a major connection between the two hemispheres that allows them to communicate

34
Q

Gray Matter

A

the cortex, which is comprised of neurons that form the thin outer covering of the brain; vastly convoluted, with ridges and fissures

35
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

lies in front of the central sulcus; reasoning, problem solving, working memory, emotion regulation

36
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

lies behind the frontal lobe and above the lateral sulcus

37
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

located below lateral sulcus; discrimination of sounds

38
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

lies behind the temporal and parietal lobes; vision

39
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

region at the very front of the cortex that helps regulate the amygdala and is important in many disorders

40
Q

White Matter

A

located in the interior of the brain; made up of large tracts of myelinated fibers that connect cell bodies in the cortex with those in the spinal cord and other centers lower in the brain

41
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

important set of areas located deep within each hemisphere; help regulate starting and stopping both motor and cognitive activity

42
Q

Ventricles

A

cavities located deep within the brain; filled with cerebrospinal fluid, allows it to circulate through the brain

43
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station for all sensory pathways except olfactory; receives nearly all impulses arriving from different sensory areas of the body before passing them on to the cortex, where they’re interpreted as conscious sensations

44
Q

Brain Stem

A

comprised of the pons and medulla; functions as neural relay station; contains tracts that connect cerebellum with spinal cord and motor areas of cerebrum

45
Q

Cerebellum

A

receives sensory nerves from vestibular apparatus of the ear an from muscles, tendons, and joints; information received relates to balance, posture, equilibrium, and smooth coordination of body in motion

46
Q

Anterior Cingulate

A

area just above corpus callosum; supports visceral and physical expressions of emotion (heartbeat, respiration, trembling, sweating, change in facial expression) and expression of appetite and other primary drives (hunger, thirst, mating, defense, attack, and flight)

47
Q

Septal Area

A

located anterior to the thalamus; supports visceral and physical expressions of emotion (heartbeat, respiration, trembling, sweating, change in facial expression) and expression of appetite and other primary drives (hunger, thirst, mating, defense, attack, and flight)

48
Q

Hippocampus

A

stretches from septal area into the temporal lobe; supports visceral and physical expressions of emotion (heartbeat, respiration, trembling, sweating, change in facial expression) and expression of appetite and other primary drives (hunger, thirst, mating, defense, attack, and flight)

49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates metabolism, temperature, perspiration, blood pressure, sleeping, and appetite

50
Q

Amygdala

A

embedded at the tip of the temporal lobe; important area for attention to emotionally salient stimuli and memory of emotionally relevant events; important for disorders with emotional issues (ex. depression)

51
Q

Pruning

A

the process of eliminating a number of synaptic connections; occurs in early adulthood; results in fewer, faster connections

52
Q

HPA Axis

A

part of the neuroendocrine system; central to the body’s response to stress; Hypothalamus–> CRF–> Pituitary–> ACTH in blood–> Adrenal Cortex–> Cortisol; relatively slow moving system

53
Q

Cortisol

A

the stress hormone; released by adrenal cortex; elevates blood sugar and increases metabolic rate throughout the body

54
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

operates quickly without our awareness; enervates endocrine glands, heart, and smooth (involuntary) muscles; agitates or calms the body

55
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

division of ANS that prepares the body for fight or flight;

56
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

division of ANS that calms the body; however, also prepares for sexual encounter;

57
Q

Reductionism

A

the view that whatever is being studied can and should be reduced to its most basic elements or constituents; ex. scientists try to reduce complex mental ad emotional responses to biology; this is a fallacy

58
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm

A

has roots in learning principles and cognitive science

59
Q

Behaviorism

A

problem behavior likely to continue if its reinforced (through getting attention, escaping from tasks, generating sensory feedback, and gaining access to desirable things or situations)

60
Q

Time-Out

A

person is sent for a period

61
Q

Behavioral Activation (BA) Therapy

A

example of operant conditioning against depression; helps the person engage in tasks that provide opportunity for positive reinforcement

62
Q

Exposure

A

part of systematic desensitization; idea that anxiety will extinguish if the person can face the object or situation for long enough with no actual harm occurring; can occur in vivo or imaginarily

63
Q

In Vivo

A

In real life situations

64
Q

Cognition

A

a term that groups together the mental processes of perceiving, recognizing, conceiving, judging, and reasoning;

65
Q

Cognitive Science

A

focuses on how people structure their experiences, make sense of them, and relate current experiences to previous ones stored in memory

66
Q

Schema

A

cognitive set; an organized network of already accumulated knowledge; new information may fit in or the schema is adjusted to fit the new information

67
Q

Unconscious

A

implicit memory can influence our decisions without us being aware of it; reflects the incredible efficiency and automaticity of the brain

68
Q

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)

A

incorporates theory and research on cognitive processes; therapists pay attentions to private events to understand and modify over and covert disturbed behavior

69
Q

Cognitive Restructuring

A

general term for changing a pattern of thought; ex. teaching person with depression not to think self-critically

70
Q

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

A

based on idea that depressed mood is caused by distortions in the way people perceive life experiences; addresses biases by persuading patients to change opinion of themselves and the way they interpret life events; ex. offer counterexamples when a client says “Nothing ever goes right”

71
Q

Emotions

A

influence how we respond to problems and challenges in our environment; organize our thoughts and actions (explicitly and implicitly); guide our behavior; family short lived states that are comprised of components including expressive, experiential, and physiological

72
Q

Ideal Affect

A

kinds of emotional states that a person ideally wants to feel; depends based on cultural factors and drug usage

73
Q

Object Relations Theory

A

stresses the importance of long-standing patterns in close relationships, particularly within the family, that are shaped by the way s in which people think an feel; object refers to the other person; emphasizes the way a person understands how the self is situated in relation to other people (ex. a person comes to understand herself to be worthless based on a cold and critical relationship with her mother)

74
Q

Attachment Theory

A

the type or style of an infant’s attachment to his or her caregivers can set the stage for psychological health or problems later in life; ex. anxiously attached babies more likely to experience psychological difficulties

75
Q

Interpersonal Therapy

A

emphasizes importance of current relationships in a person’s life an dhow problems in these relationships can contribute to psychological symptoms; unresolved grief, role transitions, role disputes, interpersonal or social deficits

76
Q

Diathesis-Stress Paradigm

A

integrative paradigm that links genetic, neurobiological, psychological, ad environmental factors; focused on the interaction between genetics and environment; psychopathology is unlikely to result from the presence of a single factor, instead a combination

77
Q

Diathesis

A

predisposition toward a disease

Psychology 127B Test 1 (8 decks)

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