Ch. 2 Contemporary Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior and Methods of Treatment

Question 1

Neurons transmit messages to other neurons by means of chemical substances known as ____

a. ) Precursors
b. ) Hormones
c. ) Neurotransmitters
d. ) Peptide

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Depression and eating disorders have been linked to imbalances of

a. ) Acetylcholine
b. ) Dopamine
c. ) Serotonin
d. ) Epinephrine

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Two popular antidepressants, Prozac and Zoloft, increase the availability to the brain of _____

a. ) Acetylcholine
b. ) Dopamine
c. ) Serotonin
d. ) Cortisol

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Allen is in his house alone late at night when he hears a loud, frightening noise. His heart begins pounding, his senses sharpen, and his muscles tense up. Allen’s reaction is due to the activity to his ___ nervous system.

a. ) Sympathetic
b. ) Parasympathetic
c. ) Somatic
d. ) Central

Answer 4

A

Question 5

Len sits down to relax in his easy chair after a long, hard day at work. As he sits reading his paper, he grows more relaxed. His breathing and heart rate slow down, his muscles loosen. Len’s relaxation is due to the activity of his ____ nervous system.

a. ) Sympathetic
b. ) Parasympathetic
c. ) Somatic
d. ) Central

Answer 5

B

Question 6

According to Freud, unconscious motives and conflicts revolve around ____

a. ) A drive for self-actualization
b. ) Primitive sexual and aggressive instincts
c. ) Learned motives
d. ) Irrational thinking

Answer 6

B

Question 7

According to Freud, during the first year of life, the ___ develops to organize reasonable ways to deal with frustration

a. ) Id
b. ) Persona
c. ) Ego
d. ) Superego

Answer 7

C

Question 8

Rachel’s boyfriend is pressing her to have sex, but her parents have brought her up to believe that premarital sex s wrong. She is very tempted. Which Freudian psychic structure would determine Rachel’s method of handling this situation?

a. ) Id
b. ) Ego
c. ) Superego
d. ) Persona

Answer 8

B.

may or may not be on exam.

parents: superego
tempted: id

ego is between id and superego

Question 9

The most basic defense mechanism is

a. ) Regression
b. ) Repression
c. ) Denial
d. ) Rationalization

Answer 9

B

Question 10

Defense mechanisms involve a dynamic struggle between the

a. ) Ego and the conscience
b. ) Ego and the superego
c. ) Id and the pleasure principle
d. ) Id and the ego

Answer 10

D

Question 11

An adult becomes very dependent upon his parents after the dissolution of his marriage. His defense mechanism is _____

a. ) Displacement
b. ) Reaction formation
c. ) Projection
d. ) Regression

Answer 11

D

Question 12

The use of justifications, or excuses, for unacceptable behavior is a form of self-deception that is called ____

a. ) Projection
b. ) Sublimination
c. ) Reaction formation
d. ) Rationalization

Answer 12

D

Question 13

A woman who has been scolded at work by her boss comes home and yells at her children. Her defense mechanism is ____

a. ) Projection
b. ) Displacement
c. ) Sublimination
d. ) Regression

Answer 13

B

Question 14

The correct chronological order of Freud’s stages of development is _____

a. ) Anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital
b. ) Anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
c. ) Oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic
d. ) Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Answer 14

D

Question 15

According to Freud, smoking, alcohol abuse, overeating, and nail biting are all examples of oral stage _____.

a. ) Reaction formation
b. ) Abreaction
c. ) Fixation
d. ) Sublimination

Answer 15

C

Question 16

Alfred Adler believed that people were basically driven by ____

a. ) The sexual instinct
b. ) An inferiority complex
c. ) Basic anxiety
d. ) Psychosocial motives

Answer 16

B

Question 17

Recent psychodynamic models of personality place more emphasis on the power of the ____ than Freud.

a. ) Id
b. ) Ego
c. ) Superego
d. ) Death instinct

Answer 17

B

Question 18

A behavior therapist would attribute abnormal behavior to each of the following EXCEPT _____.

a. ) A learning history that is different from the learning histories of most people
b. ) Inconsistent discipline
c. ) Neglectful or abusive parents
d. ) Conflicts between the id and superego

Answer 18

D

not a because learning history = reinforcement/punishment

Question 19

According to classical conditioning, learning occurs when stimuli are _____

a. ) Associated
b. ) Reinforced
c. ) Generalized
d. ) Discriminated

Answer 19

A

Question 20

A little boy is allowed to play with a laboratory rat and shows no fear of it. Then, a scientist makes a scary noise by banging an iron bar whenever the little boy reaches for the rat. Soon, the bou begins crying whenever the rat comes near him. In this study, the scary noise is the _____.

a. ) Unconditioned stimulus
b. ) Unconditioned response
c. ) Conditioned stimulus
d. ) Conditioned response

Answer 20

A.

Explanation:

B: unconditioned response = crying w/ scary noise

C: conditioned stimulus = rat

D: conditioned response = crying w/rat

Question 21

Ashley is riding in an elevator when the lights suddenly go off and the elevator stops, trapping her inside. After an hour, electricity is restored and Ashley is able to safely exit the elevator. Ashley subsequently refuses to ride in an elevator because she is “afraid.” Ashley’s fear is the result of ____.

a. ) Operant conditioning
b. ) Negative reinforcement
c. ) Classical conditioning
d. ) Aversive conditioning

Answer 21

C

Question 22

A disorder that may be acquired by classical conditioning is _____

a. ) Bipolar disorder
b. ) Hysteria
c. ) Obsessive compulsive anxiety disorder
d. ) Phobia

Answer 22

D

Question 23

Changes in the environment that increase the frequency of the preceding behavior are called ____

a. ) Operants
b. ) Stimuli
c. ) Reinforcers
d. ) Fixations

Answer 23

C

Question 24

A parent promises to stop criticizing her son when he behaves in the “correct” manner. This is an example of

a. ) Positive reinforcement
b. ) Negative reinforcement
c. ) Punishment
d. ) Aversive conditioning

Answer 24

B

Explanation:

criticizing = aversive that is taken away –> negative. reinforcement because something that is taken away will increase repetition of behavior.

Question 25

Each of the following statements regarding punishment are true EXCEPT

a. ) People may withdraw from learning situations when punishment is used
b. ) Punishment may generate anger and hostility rather than constructive learning
c. ) Punishment eliminates undesirable behavior
d. ) “punishment” may actually reward undesirable behaviors if it is the only way the person c an get attention

Answer 25

C

Question 26

Social-cognitive theorists emphasize the role of ___ and modeling in shaping personality.

a. ) Biological influences
b. ) Self-actualization
c. ) Classical conditioning
d. ) Thinking

Answer 26

D

Question 27

Which of the following would be MOST important to a social-cognitive theorist?

a. ) Rewards
b. ) Unconditioned stimuli
c. ) Expectancies
d. ) Inherited traits

Answer 27

C

Explanation:

expectancies = modeling

Question 28

Gloria goes to a therapist for treatment of her test anxiety. Her therapist says that her test anxiety is a learned reaction to the extreme demands for achievement placed on her by her parents while she was growing up. The therapist says that Gloria can learn to correct her test anxiety by learning to relax in test-taking situations. Gloria’s therapist is using the ____ model of treatment.

a. ) Psychoanalytic
b. ) Humanistic
c. ) Behavioral
d. ) Sociocultural

Answer 28

C

Question 29

Adler shifted the emphasis of psychodynamic theory from the

a. ) Ego to the id
b. ) Ego to the superego
c. ) Id to the superego
d. ) Id to the ego

Answer 29

D

Explanation:

creative self enters: grow and able to overcome obstacles.

Question 30

A leader of the humanistic movement in American Psychology was

a. ) Albert Ellis
b. ) Carl Rogers
c. ) B.F. Skinner
d. ) Albert Bandura

Answer 30

B

Question 31

Jaquesia goes to a therapist for treatment for her test anxiety. Rather than tell Jaquesia that something is wrong with her, the therapist helps her find her own explanation of what is wrong and focuses on how various events in her life, including her test anxiety, have kept her from living authentically. Her therapist is using the ____ treatment model.

a. ) Psychoanalytic
b. ) Cognitive
c. ) Behavioral
d. ) Humanistic

Answer 31

D

Question 32

For Carl Rogers, a child’s distorted self-concept can come from parents’ ____.

a. ) Sexual abuse
b. ) Favoritism of one sibling over another
c. ) Conditional positive regard
d. ) Qualified negative regard

Answer 32

C

Explanation:

conditional positive regard = you will be loved if you do this

Question 33

Roger’s method of psychotherapy is called

a. ) Person-centered therapy
b. ) Logotherapy
c. ) Rational emotive behavior therapy
d. ) Gestalt therapy

Answer 33

A

Question 34

Pablo visits a therapist for treatment of depression. His therapist helps Pablo recognize that his depression arises from his failure to meet various conditions of worth he internalized as a child. Throughout the therapy process, Pablo discovers and develops his own unique potential. Pablo’s therapist most resembles _____.

a. ) Beck
b. ) Hartmann
c. ) Rogers
d. ) Horney

Answer 34

C

Question 35

Cognitive psychologists view psychological disorders as disturbances in all of the following processes EXCEPT

a. ) Interpreting or transforming information
b. ) Accessing ideas from memory
c. ) Psychosexual development
d. ) Acting on information

Answer 35

C

Question 36

According to cognitive therapists, errors in thinking are known as

a. ) Cognitive manipulations
b. ) Cognitive encoding
c. ) Cognitive distortions
d. ) Cognitive catharsis

Answer 36

C

Question 37

Phillip visits a therapist for treatment of his depression. The therapist shows (tells) him that his problems arise from a series of irrational beliefs about himself and about life which he has developed over the years. She offers (says) that to overcome the depression, Phillip must replace is irrational beliefs with rational self-talk. Phillip’s therapist is most similar to ____ in the way she conceptualizes his problem.

a. ) Ellis
b. ) Sullivan
c. ) Skinner
d. ) Kelly

Answer 37

A

Question 38

According to cognitive psychology, _______ is seeing the world in black and white terms, and having ______ beliefs

a. ) Overgeneralization, overlearned
b. ) Selective abstraction, defensive
c. ) Absolutist thinking, self-defeating
d. ) Magnification, exaggerated

Answer 38

C

Question 39

The highest suicide rate in the U.S. is among

a. ) Male African American adolescents and young adults
b. ) Female Latina American adolescents
c. ) Elderly Caucasian males
d. ) Native American adolescents and young adults

Answer 39

D

unless US veterans per class?

Question 40

According to the sociocultural perspective, which of the following statements is NOT true?

a. ) People from lower SES groups are more likely to be institutionalized for psychiatric problems
b. ) Because mental illness is biological in nature, social stressors are not significant as once thought
c. ) Living in poverty subjects people to greater social stress, thus creating a greater risk to develop severe behavioral problems
d. ) Problem behaviors such as alcoholism may lead people to drive downward in social status

Answer 40

B

Question 41

The psychological model arguing that abnormal behaviors are often caused by a combination of genetically inherited vulnerabilities and various life stresses is the ____ model.

a. ) Perceived self-efficacy
b. ) Diathesis-stress
c. ) Downward drive hypothesis
d. ) Stress amplification

Answer 41

B

Question 42

Shanequa seeks out a therapist to help her overcome her severe depression. Her thapist asks her to lie down on a couch and say anything that comes to her mind (free association). Her therapist sits in a chair behind her, out of direct view. For the next 50 minutes she lets her mind wander, saying whatever she likes. Her therapist says very little. Her therapist is most like

a. ) Sigmund Freud
b. ) Carl Rogers
c. ) Rollo May
d. ) Aaron Beck

Answer 42

A

Question 43

In therapy, the ego’s attempts to defend against uncovering threatening impulses and conflicts is called

a. ) Abreaction
b. ) Resistance
c. ) Transference
d. ) Catharsis

Answer 43

B

Question 44

Rob dreams of flying in an airplane. His therapist suggests that flying in a plan represents an erection and is related to Rob’s unconscious fears of impotence. In this dream, the erection represents the ____ content.

a. ) Primary
b. ) Secondary
c. ) Manifest
d. ) Latent

Answer 44

D

Question 45

Dr. Wax has been treating Allison for depression during the past 2 years. Recently, Dr. Wax noticed that he feels frustrated with Allison, much like the frustration he feels toward his ex-wife. Dr. Wax is experiencing

a. ) Transference
b. ) Transference neurosis
c. ) Latent content
d. ) Counter-transference

Answer 45

D

Question 46

Each of the following is true of newer psychodynamic approaches when compared with traditional psychoanalysis EXCEPT

a. ) They are briefer
b. ) They involve more open and direct exploration of a client’s defenses
c. ) They focus more on current relationships
d. ) They focus more on the role of the id

Answer 46

D

Question 47

Ron goes to a therapist to help overcome his fear of snakes. The therapist has Rob become deeply relaxed through the use of progressive relaxation. Ron is then exposed to actual fear-evoking stimuli involving snakes while trying to maintain his relaxed state. The therapist begins with the alt distressing stimuli in a hierarchy and progresses to more distressing stimuli until Ron can maintain his relaxed state when exposed to even the most distressing stimuli in the hierarchy, which involves draping a large snake over his shoulders. This process is called

a. ) Cue-controlled conditioning
b. ) Systematic desensitization
c. ) Gradual exposure
d. ) Flooding

Answer 47

C

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic attributes Carl Rogers believed a person-centered therapist should possess?

a. ) Unconditional positive regard
b. ) Genuineness
c. ) Empathy
d. ) Existential reality

Answer 48

D

Question 49

The ability for therapists to be open about their feelings during a therapy session, even if the feelings were negative ones such as anger, frustration, or boredom, is what Rogers called

a. ) Introjection
b. ) Genuineness
c. ) Empathy
d. ) Congruence

Answer 49

B

Question 50

According to Rogerian concepts, a person whose thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are integrated and consistent is said to be

a. ) Genuine
b. ) Empathetic
c. ) Congruent
d. ) Unconditionally positive

Answer 50

C

Question 51

Cody seeks out a therapist to help her overcome her severe depression. Her therapist tells her that her depression stems from her irrational beliefs about herself and what she must accomplish in life to be loved and accepted by others. Her therapist actively disputes these beliefs and helps her develop more adaptive beliefs. Her therapist is most like

a. ) Albert Ellis
b. ) Sigmund Freud
c. ) Aaron Beck
d. ) Carl Rogers

Answer 51

A

Question 52

Helping clients change their overt behavior is known as ____ therapy

a. ) Humanistic
b. ) Cognitive
c. ) Psychoanalytical
d. ) Behavioral

Answer 52

D

Question 53

Alexis seeks out a therapist to help her overcome her severe depression. The therapist suggests that her depression results from a series of cognitive distortions which have affected her self-image. Alexis is asked to do some “homework assignments,” recording upsetting events, the thoughts that follow the events, and the feelings resulting from the thoughts. Her therapist also gives her behavioral “homework assignments” to help her structure her time with meaningful activities that counteract the listlessness and apathy characterizing her free time since she became depressed. Her therapist is most like

a. ) Margaret Mahler
b. ) Abraham Maslow
c. ) Carl Rogers
d. ) Aaron Beck

Answer 53

D?

Question 54

Tanya seeks out a therapist to help her overcome her severe depression. The therapist spends much of the time in the early sessions using the techniques of mirroring and reflection, suggesting that part of her problem relates to early childhood conflicts with her parents which have prevented her from achieving self-actualization. Then, the therapist suggests focusing on her current problems, emphasizing the role of learned maladaptive behaviors and negative self-talk in maintaining her depression. The therapist uses a combination of cognitive restructuring and operant conditioning techniques to help Tanya overcome her depression. Tanya’s therapist is best described as

a. ) Psychodynamic
b. ) Behavioral-cognitive
c. ) Humanistic-existential
d. ) Eclectic

Answer 54

D

Question 55

Meta-analyses show positive outcomes for ___ approaches.

a. ) Neither cognitive-behavioral nor brief psychodynamic
b. ) Cognitive behavioral but not brief psychodynamic
c. ) Brief psychodynamic but not cognitive behavioral
d. ) Both cognitive behavioral and brief psychodynamic

Answer 55

D

Question 56

Specific psychological treatments that have demonstrated their effectiveness in treating specific problem behaviors or disorders in carefully designed clinical studies are

a. ) Empirically supported treatments
b. ) Cohort supported treatments
c. ) Recognized effective therapies
d. ) Enriched therapeutic techniques.

Answer 56

A

Question 57

The following characteristics are associated with African American culture EXCEPT

a. ) Gender roles are fixed
b. ) There is a strong religious and spiritual orientation
c. ) Households are often multigenerational
d. ) Child-care responsibilities are often distrusted among different family members

Answer 57

A

Question 58

True or False:

An example of the possibility of there being an inherent role conflict between the goals of psychotherapy and the values of particular culture can be seen in the use of client-centered approach with Native Americans.

Answer 58

True

Question 59

More traditional Latinas seeking help for emotional problems are more likely to seek help from church leaders and

a. ) Friends and relatives
b. ) Community-based mental health clinics
c. ) Latino psychologists and psychiatrists
d. ) The ER of the local general hospital

Answer 59

A

Question 60

Which one of the following is not seen as one of the major barriers to use mental service by ethnic minorities?

a. ) Cultural mistrust
b. ) Lack of knowledge of mental health resources and procedures
c. ) Language barriers
d. ) Lack of cultural competence on the part of mental health providers

Answer 60

D

Question 61

True or false:

ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) is considered a treatment of last resort for depression.

Answer 61

True