Ch 2- Class Notes Flashcards
Types of Liabilities
Debt
Payable
Other, like pensions
Book Value of Equity
Assets - Liabilities
Where can you get market value
NOT FROM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, you need market data
Marginal Tax Rate
What you pay in the top tax bracket (this is what you think about for companies)
For the CCA rule we use what>
the one and a half times rule
How are Assets organized
most to least liquid
c
t
a
n
i
s
p
Current Assets- Current Liabilities= ?
Net Working Capital
What is Net Working Capital
The money you will have to keep the business running (the money in the till)
Formula: Current Assets- Current Liabilities
-Positive: you will recieve more cash than the amount of cash that will be paid out (healthy firm)
What are Current Assets
They will be turned into cash within the next year
What are Fiixed Assets
- tangible fixed assets
- Intangible fixed assets
Fixed assets are not there to be sold, but there to be used to make money
Do very large firms have lots of net working capital
NO! they can run with little to no net working capital! (they borrow money as needed)
when big firms need money they dont reach into cash pools they just borrow from banks
What is a problem with liquidity?
Liquid assets earn a lower return! Hard to make more money on cash (low returns on cash)
You need a good amount of liquidity, but you dont want a lot of this asset that doesnt create a large return
Book Value of an asset
Value according to the balance sheet
Market Value of An asset
this is WHAT WE CARE MORE ABOUT !!
IFRS
This uses the histroical method (the cost of the purchase) but also sometimes uses the revaluation method (fair value in certain cases)
When can we use the revaluation method in IFRS
when you can prove that an asset calss should ve revalued
Revaluation shoul dbe performed regularly to ensure carryign amount is not materially different from fair value
is net fixed asset a current asset or non current asset
non current asset
Matching principle- IFRS
IFRS says to show revenue when it accrues and match the expenses required to generat ethe revenue
When do you report revenues and expenses
when they OCCUR, you record accruals & then as recievables
Is interest taken out first or taxes from EBIT
INTEREST!!! even before taxes
Earnings per share formula
Net income- dividends for shareholders/ average # of weighted outstanding shares
Earnings/Share
CFFA
Cash flow from assets= Cash Flow to Bondholders (CREDITORS) + Cash Flow to Shareholders (OWNERS)
or
CFFA= Operating Cash Flow- Net Capital Spending- Changes in NWC
these are the same thing!!
EXPLORING CFFA FORMULA
Where can operating Cash flow go?
1. if the firm doesn’t want to expand or reinvest it
2. if they want to reinvest it back to the firm?
3. if the funds aren’t needed by investors and you don’t have any fixed assets you need to purchase?
- back to investors (bondholders, shareholders)
- Net Capital Spending (the money goes back into the firm)
- Net additions to working capital
What is the formula for operating cash flow
EBIT (Operating Income) + Depreciation - Taxes
What is the formula for Net Capital Spending
Ending net fixed assets - beginning net fixed assets + Depreciation
What are net fixed assets
only property, planet and equipment AND ALSO contracts(INTANGIBLE ASSETS)
What are the changes in NWC formula
Ending NWC- Beginning NWC
New
What are marginal taxes
the tax you are charged as a percent on the next dollar earned
What are the average taxes
the percentage of your income that goes to pay taxes
What are the two types of taxes on investments
dividend tax credit
capital gain tax
Dividend tax credit
amount that a canadian resident applies against own tax liability on the grossed up portion of dividends recieved from canadian corporations
-> reduces the effective tax rate on dividends
Capital gain tax
paid on the investments increase in value over its purchase price
Capital Cost Allowance
depreciation for tax purposes
THAT APPLIES FOR THE COMPANY (CORPORATION) separate from owners
What do we do with CCA
we deduct before we tax the income
What is accelerated investment rule
in the 1st year, 1 and 1/2 times the prescribed rate can be used for CCA purpose
(so they pay less in taxes)
why do companies use CCA
because it is a “Tax shield” this is a specific amount of money that is shielded from taxation
can individuals use CCA
we cant or we can write off personal items like cars homes etc
What are different CCA classes for
different types of items!!!
How to do CCA question
- Find beginning year amount= current
2.CCA= Current amount x CCA% x 1.5
Because of the 1.5 times rule
- Calculate ending fixed assets= beginning-CCA
- IN THE NEXT YEAR START WITH THE LAST YEARS ENDING FIXED ASSETS & do not apply the 1.5 times rule again!!
Note: you only apply the 1.5 times rule one time; the first year will give a huge write off that the second and thirsd years wont give
What is closing an asset class
when the last asset in an asset class is sold, the asset class is terminated- is either a termanal loss or recaptured cca
Terminal Loss
Underpreciated capital cost- adjusted cost
when UCC is greater
-> This can be written off from taxes
Recpatured CCA
adjusted cost- underpreciated capital cost
when UCC is smaller
-> You will pay tax on this
