Ch 2 Chemical reactions And Energy, Inorganic chemistry

Question 1

What is a chemical reaction?

Answer 1

When atoms, ions, molecules or compounds interact to either form or to break chemical bonds.

Question 2

What do chemical reactions involve?

Answer 2

1. Reactants
2. Products

Question 3

What is a reactant in a chemical reaction?

Answer 3

Substances that enter into a chemical reaction

Question 4

What is a product in a chemical reaction?

Answer 4

Substances that result from the reaction

Question 5

What is synthesis and what is a synonym for it?

Answer 5

When chemical bonds are made; anabolism

Question 6

What is decomposition and what is a synonym for it?

Answer 6

When Chemical bonds are broken; catabolism

Question 7

What is the definition of metabolism?

Answer 7

Collective term used for the sum of all of the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body

Question 8

A+B= AB is an example of what type of reaction?

Answer 8

Synthesis Reaction (anabolism)

Question 9

This type of reaction is responsible for growth, maintenance and repair in the body.

Answer 9

Synthesis (anabolic) reactions

Question 10

Synthesis (anabolic) reactions produce what chemical characteristics of life? (4)

Answer 10

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

Question 11

What is a synthetic reaction where water is a product called?

Answer 11

Dehydration synthesis reaction

Question 12

What process is dehydration synthesis reactions involved in?

Answer 12

Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Question 13

What is the collective term for decomposition reactions in the body?

Answer 13

Catabolism

Question 14

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 14

Water is split into 2 parts that contribute to the formation of the products

Ex.: the breakdown of ATP to from ADP and inorganic phosphate with a release of free energy

Question 15

Synthesis/ decomposition reactions can also be described as?

Answer 15

Oxidation- reduction reactions

Question 16

What is oxidation?

Answer 16

Loss of an electron by a susbtance

Question 17

What is reduction?

Answer 17

Gain of an electron by a substance

Question 18

Name the types of energy

Answer 18

Potential, kinetic, mechanical, chemical and heat

Question 19

substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted.

Answer 19

Catalysts

Question 20

protein catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary for reaction to begin

Answer 20

Enzymes

Question 21

Name 3 things that can affect the rate/speed of chemical reactions

Answer 21

1. Temperature
2. Concentration of reactants
3. Size of reactants

Question 22

What is the definition of inorganic chemistry?

Answer 22

substances that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.
• Water, oxygen, calcium phosphate, metal ions.
• Exceptions: CO, CO,, and HCO,-

Question 23

What bond involve the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another?

Answer 23

Ionic bonds

Question 24

By general definition, Covalent bonds involve_______ between atoms

Answer 24

The sharing of one or more electrons

Question 25

What bond is the strongest of the chemical bonds?

Answer 25

Covalent

Question 26

•Receiving atom is negatively charged. • Donating atom is positively charged. • The two atoms are now held together by attraction of their opposite charges. What is this describing?

Answer 26

Ionic bonds

Question 27

T/F: With covalent bonds, electrons will always be shared equally.

Answer 27

False. Covalent can be nonpolar (equal sharing) Or polar (unequal sharing)

Question 28

What are important properties of water for the body?

Answer 28

• Water can absorb large amounts of heat without changing temperature (high heat capacity) • Evaporation of water removes excess heat • Lubrication • Cushioning • Involved in chemical reactions • Makes an excellent solvent Body's major transport medium

Question 29

What is the definition of an acid?

Answer 29

a proton donor or any substance that releases hydrogen (H+) ions.

Question 30

What is the definition of a base?

Answer 30

a proton acceptor or any substance that binds to or accepts hydrogen ions (OH-).

Question 31

a solution of a conjugate acid-base pair in acid and base components occur in similar concentrations (defintion)

Answer 31

Buffer

Question 32

Name 3 important biological buffers

Answer 32

• Bicarbonate. • Phosphates. • Proteins.

Question 33

Organic molecules are simply described as

Answer 33

Molecules that include carbons

Question 34

Organic molecules can also be known as what 3 terms?

Answer 34

-Polymers -chains of monomers - biomolecules

Question 35

Which organic molecule can be divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides?

Answer 35

Carbohydrates

Question 36

This organic molecule is composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and serves as energy sources and structure

Answer 36

Carbohydrates

Question 37

This organic molecule functions include: protection, insulation, physiological regulation, component of cell membranes and energy source

Answer 37

Lipids

Question 38

T/F: Lipids are relatively insoluble in water

Answer 38

True

Question 39

T/F: Lipids are composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Answer 39

True

Question 40

What are the functions of a protein?

Answer 40

regulate processes, aid transport, protection, muscle contraction, structure, energy.

Question 41

Nucleic Acids are composed of what chemical components?

Answer 41

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus

Question 42

ATP, DNA and RNA are examples of what

Answer 42

Nucleic Acids

Question 43

• Fats (triglycerides) • Phospholipids • Eicosanoids • Steroids • Fat-soluble vitamins Are classes/examples of what?

Answer 43

Lipids

Question 44

T/ F: lipids are broken down by decomposition (catabolic) reactions?

Answer 44

False. Hydrolysis reaction

Question 45

Triglycerides are composed of what?

Answer 45

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Question 46

__________ help form the plasma membrane

Answer 46

Phospholipids

Question 47

What type of lipid is derived from fatty acids?

Answer 47

Eicosanoids (ex. Prostaglandins [most important for blood clots])

Question 48

Lipids: ________ is the component of cell membranes; precursor for steroid hormones

Answer 48

Cholesterol

Question 49

Lipids: estrogen and testosterone are examples of what?

Answer 49

Steroid (hormones)

Question 50

Name the fat soluble vitamins. (lipids)

Answer 50

A, D, E, K

Question 51

Name the (four) levels of proteins structure

Answer 51

•Primary- (bonding of amino acids) • Secondary- (hydrogen bonding between neighboring amino acids) • Tertiary- (hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions, stabilizing of disulfide bridges) • Quaternary- (chemical interactions between separate tertiary structure polypeptides)

Question 52

________ is the change in protein shake due to the breaking of hydrogen bonds

Answer 52

Denaturation