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A&P lecture > Ch 2 Chemical reactions And Energy, Inorganic chemistry > Flashcards

Ch 2 Chemical reactions And Energy, Inorganic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

When atoms, ions, molecules or compounds interact to either form or to break chemical bonds.

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2
Q

What do chemical reactions involve?

A
  1. Reactants
  2. Products
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3
Q

What is a reactant in a chemical reaction?

A

Substances that enter into a chemical reaction

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4
Q

What is a product in a chemical reaction?

A

Substances that result from the reaction

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5
Q

What is synthesis and what is a synonym for it?

A

When chemical bonds are made; anabolism

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6
Q

What is decomposition and what is a synonym for it?

A

When Chemical bonds are broken; catabolism

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7
Q

What is the definition of metabolism?

A

Collective term used for the sum of all of the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body

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8
Q

A+B= AB is an example of what type of reaction?

A

Synthesis Reaction (anabolism)

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9
Q

This type of reaction is responsible for growth, maintenance and repair in the body.

A

Synthesis (anabolic) reactions

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10
Q

Synthesis (anabolic) reactions produce what chemical characteristics of life? (4)

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

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11
Q

What is a synthetic reaction where water is a product called?

A

Dehydration synthesis reaction

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12
Q

What process is dehydration synthesis reactions involved in?

A

Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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13
Q

What is the collective term for decomposition reactions in the body?

A

Catabolism

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14
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Water is split into 2 parts that contribute to the formation of the products

Ex.: the breakdown of ATP to from ADP and inorganic phosphate with a release of free energy

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15
Q

Synthesis/ decomposition reactions can also be described as?

A

Oxidation- reduction reactions

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16
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of an electron by a susbtance

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17
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of an electron by a substance

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18
Q

Name the types of energy

A

Potential, kinetic, mechanical, chemical and heat

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19
Q

substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted.

A

Catalysts

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20
Q

protein catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary for reaction to begin

A

Enzymes

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21
Q

Name 3 things that can affect the rate/speed of chemical reactions

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Concentration of reactants
  3. Size of reactants
22
Q

What is the definition of inorganic chemistry?

A

substances that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.
• Water, oxygen, calcium phosphate, metal ions.
• Exceptions: CO, CO,, and HCO,-

23
Q

What bond involve the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another?

A

Ionic bonds

24
Q

By general definition, Covalent bonds involve_______ between atoms

A

The sharing of one or more electrons

25
Q

What bond is the strongest of the chemical bonds?

A

Covalent

26
Q

•Receiving atom is negatively charged.
• Donating atom is positively charged.
• The two atoms are now held together by attraction of their opposite charges.

What is this describing?

A

Ionic bonds

27
Q

T/F: With covalent bonds, electrons will always be shared equally.

A

False.

Covalent can be nonpolar (equal sharing)
Or polar (unequal sharing)

28
Q

What are important properties of water for the body?

A

• Water can absorb large amounts of heat without changing temperature (high heat capacity)
• Evaporation of water removes excess heat
• Lubrication
• Cushioning
• Involved in chemical reactions
• Makes an excellent solvent
Body’s major transport medium

29
Q

What is the definition of an acid?

A

a proton donor or any substance that releases hydrogen (H+) ions.

30
Q

What is the definition of a base?

A

a proton acceptor or any substance that binds to or accepts hydrogen ions (OH-).

31
Q

a solution of a conjugate acid-base pair in acid and base components occur in similar concentrations (defintion)

A

Buffer

32
Q

Name 3 important biological buffers

A

• Bicarbonate.
• Phosphates.
• Proteins.

33
Q

Organic molecules are simply described as

A

Molecules that include carbons

34
Q

Organic molecules can also be known as what 3 terms?

A

-Polymers
-chains of monomers
- biomolecules

35
Q

Which organic molecule can be divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides?

A

Carbohydrates

36
Q

This organic molecule is composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and serves as energy sources and structure

A

Carbohydrates

37
Q

This organic molecule functions include: protection, insulation, physiological regulation, component of cell membranes and energy source

A

Lipids

38
Q

T/F: Lipids are relatively insoluble in water

A

True

39
Q

T/F: Lipids are composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

A

True

40
Q

What are the functions of a protein?

A

regulate processes, aid transport, protection, muscle contraction, structure, energy.

41
Q

Nucleic Acids are composed of what chemical components?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus

42
Q

ATP, DNA and RNA are examples of what

A

Nucleic Acids

43
Q

• Fats (triglycerides)
• Phospholipids
• Eicosanoids
• Steroids
• Fat-soluble vitamins

Are classes/examples of what?

A

Lipids

44
Q

T/ F: lipids are broken down by decomposition (catabolic) reactions?

A

False. Hydrolysis reaction

45
Q

Triglycerides are composed of what?

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

46
Q

__________ help form the plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids

47
Q

What type of lipid is derived from fatty acids?

A

Eicosanoids (ex. Prostaglandins [most important for blood clots])

48
Q

Lipids: ________ is the component of cell membranes; precursor for steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

49
Q

Lipids: estrogen and testosterone are examples of what?

A

Steroid (hormones)

50
Q

Name the fat soluble vitamins. (lipids)

A

A, D, E, K

51
Q

Name the (four) levels of proteins structure

A

•Primary- (bonding of amino acids)

• Secondary- (hydrogen bonding between neighboring amino acids)

• Tertiary- (hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions, stabilizing of disulfide bridges)

• Quaternary- (chemical interactions between separate tertiary structure polypeptides)

52
Q

________ is the change in protein shake due to the breaking of hydrogen bonds

A

Denaturation

A&P lecture (8 decks)

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