Ch. 2 - Build and Blood Pressure Flashcards
BMI between 25 and 29.9 is defined as what?
Overweight
Excess fat resulting in BMI above 30, or weight 20% or more above normal weight is considered what?
Obesity
What is classified as grade 3 obesity, with weight 50-100% over normal, or as more than 100 pounds overweight?
Clinically severe obesity, also called morbid obesity
While many factors contribute to the increase of obesity, what is considered the fundamental cause?
Energy imbalance with caloric intake more than caloric needs over a long period
Though not a direct measure, why is BMI a good indicator of body fat?
Individuals classified as obese based on BMI tend to have excess body fat. However, it is important to note that BMI in the overweight range can be due to a muscular build. Similarly, individuals with a BMI within the normal range can have excess body fat.
What is another measure used to assess abdominal fat content, and is sometimes available for insurance underwriting?
Waist circumference. Above 40 inches in males and above 35 inches in females are considered to indicate an increased risk of developing hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer
What waist-hip ratio is considered an increased risk?
A waist-hip ratio (WHR) of 1.0 or higher
What is the most effective way to lose weight?
Reduce calorie intake and increase physical activity. Counseling or support groups can be helpful for individuals making these lifestyle changes
What can be used in addition to lifestyle measures for individuals with BMI over 30, or for those with a BMI exceeding 27 kg/m^2 who have overweight-related complications?
Weight-loss medications. However, the limited number of currently available prescription medications may not be effective in all individuals and can cause important adverse effects
What treatment is a surgery that treats obesity by altering the digestive process and generally involves surgery that is either restrictive, malabsorptive, or both?
Bariatric surgery
Who is a candidate for bariatric surgery?
Individuals with a BMI of 40 or above, those with a BMI of 35 to 39 with complications, or those with a BMI of 30 to 34.9 with uncontrollable diabetes or metabolic syndrome
What are the benefits of bariatric surgery?
It is an effective weight loss for clinically severe obesity, with a reversal or reduced risk for associated complications such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obstructive sleep apnea
What is the most common restrictive weight loss surgery?
Sleeve gastrectomy with an expected excess weight loss of 60% at 2 years; higher incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease
What is the most common restrictive and malabsorptive procedure?
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Expected excess weight loss of 70% at 2 years; risks include malnutrition, gallstones, obstruction, ulceration, and dumping syndrome
What is a rarely performed weight loss procedure?
Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB, AGB). Less common, relatively modest weight loss, high rates of revision, and weight regain
Obesity is likely to aggravate what diseases?
Diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease, as well as complicate the treatment of these conditions. In addition, because extra weight puts more stress on joints, especially the knees, hips, and back, accidents and injuries are more common in obese individuals and recovery can be prolonged
List some impairments associated with overweight and obesity
Type 2 diabetes, CAD, high blood pressure, metabolic syndrome, cancers (endometrial, breast, prostate, colon), depression, eating disorders, impaired glucose tolerance, congestive heart failure, stroke, high blood cholesterol, triglycerides, obstructive sleep apnea, and osteoarthritis
Being consistently 5-10% below the lower limit of normal range, or a BMI of less than or equal to 18.5, is called?
Underweight
Unintentional weight loss, also called involuntary or unexplained weight loss, is often defined as what?
Loss of 5% of usual body weight over a six-month period. Recent unexplained weight loss is an important underwriting consideration since it can signify a serious underlying disease not yet identified
Low BMI in any age group can be a marker for what disease(s)?
Cancer, Type 1 diabetes, intestinal malabsorption, depression, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, drug or alcohol use disorders, or hyperthyroidism
Why is thorough evaluation required when an elderly applicant has unintentional weight loss?
Frequently, it is associated with chronic impairments such as dementia, Parkinson’s disease, or other chronic diseases. But in some individuals, no cause is found. Some older individuals lose weight because they lose interest in eating, or loss of smell and taste. Elderly with stable underweight BMI may not have increased mortality
What is blood pressure?
A measure of the interaction between two forces: the pressure required to move blood through the blood vessels (i.e., cardiac output) and the tone or tension of the arteries (i.e., peripheral resistance)
What is the maximum pressure achieved during the period of contraction of the heart, especially in the ventricles?
Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
What is the minimum pressure occurring at the relaxation phase of the heartbeat?
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
