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Gen Psych > Ch. 2 Biological Foundations of Behavior > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Biological Foundations of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons are _____ _____ that are the basic ________ ______ of the nervous system. They are the body’s ______ through which ________ are transmitted within the nervous system.

A

Nerve cells
Building blocks
Wiring
Messages

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2
Q

The brain is the mass of _____ ______ encased in the skull that ________ virtually everything we are and everything we do.

A

Nerve tissue
Controls

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3
Q

The soma is the ____ ____ of a neuron. It contains the _______ of the cell and carries out the cell’s _________ functions.

A

Cell body
Nucleus
Metabolic

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4
Q

The axon is the ____-like part of a neuron that carries ________ away from the cell body toward other neurons.

A

Tube
Messages

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5
Q

Terminal buttons are swellings at the tips of _____ from which _________________ are dispatched into the _______.

A

Axons
Neurotransmitters
Synapse

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters are chemical __________ that transport _____ ________ from one nerve cell to another.

A

Messengers
Nerve impulses

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7
Q

The synapse is a small _____-filled gap between _______ through which _________________ carry neural ________.

A

Fluid
Neurons
Neurotransmitters
Impulses

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8
Q

The dendrites are ____-like structures at the end of _____ that receive neural ________ from neighboring neurons.

A

Root
Axons
Impulses

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9
Q

Sensory neurons transmit ___________ from _______ organs, muscles, and _____ organs to the ______ ____ and _____.

A

Information
Sensory
Inner
Spinal cord
Brain

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10
Q

Motor neurons convey nerve impulses from the _______ _______ ______ to _______ and ______.

A

Central nervous system
Muscles
Glands

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11
Q

Glands are ______ that produce ________

A

Organs
Hormones

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12
Q

Hormones are secretions from _________ glands that help ________ bodily processes.

A

Endocrine
Regulate

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13
Q

A nerve is a bundle of _____ from different _______ that transmit _____ ________.

A

Axons
Neurons
Nerve impulses

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14
Q

Glial cells support _______ and form the ______ sheath found on many axons.

A

Neurons
Myelin

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15
Q

Myelin sheath is a layer of __________ __________ that covers the _____ of certain neurons and quickens transmission of _____ ________.

A

Protective Insulation
Axons
Nerve impulses

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16
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are ____ in the ______ sheath that create ____________ areas along the ____.

A

Gaps
Myelin
Uninsulated
Axon

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17
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the _______ _______ ______ in which the ______ ______ that insulates axons is damaged or destroyed.

A

Central nervous system
Myelin sheath

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18
Q

Ions are ____________ _______ chemical particles

A

Electrically charged

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19
Q

Resting potential is the __________ potential across the ____ ________ of a neuron in its resting state.

A

Electrical
Cell membrane

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20
Q

Depolarization is a ________ shift in the electrical charge in the neuron’s _______ _________, making it less __________ charged.

A

Positive
Resting potential Negatively

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21
Q

Action potential is an abrupt change from a ________ to a ________ charge of a nerve cell, also called a ______ _______.

A

Negative
Positive
Neural impulse

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22
Q

According to the all-or-none principle, neurons will fire only when a change in the level of __________ occurs that is sufficient to produce an ______ _________.

A

Excitation
Action potential

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23
Q

The refractory period is a _________ state in which a neuron is unable to fire in response to _________ stimulation

A

Temporary
Continued

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24
Q

A receptor site is a site on the _________ neuron in which _________________ dock.

A

Receiving
Neurotransmitters

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25
Q

Reuptake is the process by which _________________ are __________ by the transmitting neuron.

A

Neurotransmitters
Reabsorbed

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26
Q

Enzymes are organic substances that produce certain ________ _______ in other organic substances through a _________ action.

A

Chemical changes
Catalytic

27
Q

Neuromodulators are chemicals released in the _______ ______ that influence the ___________ of the receiving neuron to _________________.

A

Nervous system
Sensitivity
Neurotransmitters

28
Q

Antagonists are drugs that block the actions of _________________ by occupying the ________ _____ in which the neurotransmitters dock.

A

Neurotransmitters
Receptor sites

29
Q

Schizophrenia is a severe and chronic psychological ________ characterized by ____________ in thinking, perception, emotions, and behavior.

A

Disorder
Disturbances

30
Q

Hallucinations are perceptions experienced in the _______ of corresponding ________ stimuli.

A

Absence
External

31
Q

Delusions are _____ but patently _____ beliefs, such as believing that one is being hounded by demons.

A

Fixed
False

32
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive _____ disease involving the destruction of ________-producing brain cells and characterized by muscle _______, shakiness, rigidity, and __________ in walking and controlling fine body movements.

A

Brain
Dopamine
Tremors
Difficulty

33
Q

Agonists are drugs that either ________ the availability or effectiveness of _________________ or _____ their actions.

A

Increase
Neurotransmitters
Mimic

34
Q

Stimulants are drugs that ________ the _______ _______ ______, such as amphetamines and cocaine.

A

Activate
Central nervous system

35
Q

Amphetamines are a class of _____________ derived _________ drugs, such as methamphetamine or “speed.”

A

Synthetically
Stimulant

36
Q

Antidepressants are drugs that combat __________ by affecting the levels of activity of _________________.

A

Depression
Neurotransmitters

37
Q

Endorphins are _______ chemicals released in the brain that have ____-_______ and ________-________ effects.

A

Natural
Pain-killing
Pleasure-inducing

38
Q

The nervous system is the _______ of nerve cells and support cells for _____________ and __________ information from within and outside the body.

A

Network
Communicating
Processing

39
Q

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the _____ and ______ ____.

A

Brain
Spinal cord

40
Q

The spinal cord is the column of ______ that transmits information between the _____ and the __________ nervous system.

A

Nerves
Brain
Peripheral

41
Q

The spine is the __________ bony column that houses the ______ ____.

A

Protective
Spinal cord.

42
Q

A reflex is an _________ and _________ response to particular stimuli.

A

Automatic
Unlearned

43
Q

A spinal reflex is a reflex controlled at the level of the ______ ____ that may involve as few as ___ neurons.

A

Spinal cord
Two

44
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system that connects the ______ ____ and _____ with the _______ organs, muscles, and glands.

A

Spinal cord
Brain
Sensory

45
Q

The somatic nervous system is the part of the _NS that transmits information between the _NS and the sensory organs and muscles; also controls _________ movements.

A

PNS
CNS
Voluntary

46
Q

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the part of the _NS that automatically regulates ___________ bodily processes, such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

A

PNS
Involuntary

47
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is the branch of the _NS that ___________ bodily processes and ________ stores of ______ needed to meet increased physical demands.

A

ANS
Accelerates
Energy

48
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is the branch of the _NS that _________ bodily processes, such as digestion, that _________ stores of ______.

A

ANS
Regulates
Replenish
Energy

49
Q

Neurogenesis is the process by which new _______ are formed.

A

Neurons

50
Q

The hindbrain is the ___est and, in evolutionary terms, ___est part of the brain; includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

A

Lowest
Oldest

51
Q

The medulla is a structure in the ____brain involved in regulating _____ ____ _________, such as heartbeat and respiration.

A

Hindbrain
Basic life functions

52
Q

The pons is a structure in the ____brain involved in regulating states of ___________ and _____.

A

Hindbrain
Wakefulness
Sleep

53
Q

The brainstem is the “_____” in the lower part of the brain that connects the ______ ____ to higher regions of the brain.

A

“Stalk”
Spinal cord

54
Q

The cerebellum is a structure in the ____brain involved in controlling ____________ and _______.

A

Hindbrain
Coordination
Balance

55
Q

The midbrain is the part of the brain that lies on top of the ____brain and below the ____brain

A

Hindbrain
Forebrain

56
Q

The reticular formation is a ___-like formation of _______ involved in regulating states of _________, _________, and _______.

A

Web-like
Neurons
Attention
Alertness
Arousal

57
Q

The forebrain is the ____est and ____est part of the brain. It contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex.

A

Largest
Highest

58
Q

The thalamus is a structure in the ____brain that serves as a _____ _______ for sensory information and that plays a key role in regulating states of ___________ and _____.

A

Forebrain
Relay station
Wakefulness
Sleep

59
Q

The basal ganglia is an assemblage of _______ lying in the ____brain that is important in controlling ________ and ____________.

A

Neurons
Forebrain
Movement
Coordination

60
Q

The hypothalamus is a small, ___-sized structure in the ____brain that helps regulate many ____ bodily functions, including body ___________ and reproduction, as well as _________ states, aggression, and responses to ______.

A

Pea-sized
Forebrain
Vital
Temperature
Emotional
Stress

61
Q

The limbic system is a formation of structures in the ____brain that includes the h_________, a_______, and parts of the t_______ and h___________.

A

Forebrain
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

62
Q

The amygdala is a set of ______-shaped structures in the ______ ______ believed to play an important role in __________, ____, and ____

A

Almond-shaped
Limbic system
Aggression
Rage
Fear

63
Q
A

Gen Psych (4 decks)

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