Ch. 1 Foundations of Modern Psychology

Question 1

What is psychology?

Answer 1

The scientific discipline that studies behavior and mental processes

Question 2

Although psychology is a relatively _____ science, interest in understanding the nature of mind and behavior can be traced back to _______ times.

Answer 2

Young
Ancient

Question 3

The word “psychology” is derived from two Greek roots: psyche, meaning “____,” and logos, meaning “_____” or “_________.”

Answer 3

Mind
Study
Knowledge

Question 4

What is introspection?

Answer 4

Inward focusing on mental experiences, such as sensations or feelings

Question 5

What is structuralism?

Answer 5

The school of psychology, associated with Wundt and Titchener, that attempts to understand the structure of the mind by breaking it down into its component parts

Question 6

Behaviorism was based on the belief that psychology would advance as a science only if it turned away from the study of ______ _________ and limited itself to the study of observable behaviors that could be ________ and ________.

Answer 6

Mental processes
Recorded
Measured

Question 7

What is functionalism?

Answer 7

The school of psychology, founded by William James, that fucuses on the adaptive functions of behavior

Question 8

What is behaviorism?

Answer 8

The school of psychology that holds that psychology should limit itself to the study of overt, observable behavior

Question 9

What is Gestalt psychology?

Answer 9

The school of psychology that holds that the brain structures our perceptions of the world in terms of meaningful patterns or wholes

Question 10

Gestalt psychology was based on the principle that the human brain _________ our perceptions of the world, so that we perceive ________ or ______, not individual bits and pieces of sense experiences added together.

Answer 10

Organizes
Patterns
Wholes

Question 11

According to Freud, much of our behavior is determined by ___________ forces and motives that lie beyond the reach of ordinary _________.

Answer 11

Unconscious
Awareness

Question 12

What does gestalt mean?

Answer 12

“unitary form” or “pattern”

Question 13

What is the unconscious?

Answer 13

In Freudian theory, the part of the mind that lies outside the range of ordinary awareness and that contains primitive drives and instincts.

Question 14

Many psychologists today subscribe to a broad ________-based perspective, called social-cognitive theory, that emphasizes the _____________ and _________ influences on behavior.

Answer 14

Learning
Environmental
Cognitive

Question 15

The psychodynamic perspective focuses on the role of ___________ __________ (inner wishes and impulses of which we are unaware) and the importance of _________ ___________ in shaping ___________.

Answer 15

Unconscious motivation
Childhood experiences
Personality

Question 16

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

Answer 16

The view that behavior is influenced by the struggle between unconscious sexual or aggressive impulses and opposing forces that try to keep this threatening material out of consciousness

Question 17

What is psychoanalysis?

Answer 17

Freud’s method of psychotherapy; it focuses on uncovering and working through unconscious conflicts he believed were at the root of psychological problems.

Question 18

What is the behavioral perspective?

Answer 18

An approach to the study of psychology that focuses on the role of learning and importance of environmental influences in explaining behavior

Question 19

What is the social-cognitive theory?

Answer 19

A contemporary learning-based model that emphasizes the roles of cognitive and environmental factors in determining behavior

Question 20

What is behavior therapy

Answer 20

A form of therapy that involves the systematic application of the principles of learning

Question 21

What is humanistic psychology?

Answer 21

The school of psychology that believes that free will and conscious choice are essential aspects of the human experience

Question 22

Because __________ __________ was a response to the two dominant perspectives at the time, behaviorism, and Freudian psychology, it was called “_____ _____” in psychology.

Answer 22

Humanistic psychology
Third force

Question 23

What was Freud’s occupation, and what was his main aim?

Answer 23

Therapist; to help people overcome psychological problems

Question 24

Humanistic psychology emphasizes ________ _______ and ______________ for our actions and the value of ____-_________ and __________ of our true selves.

Answer 24

Personal freedom
Responsibility
Self-awareness
Acceptance

Question 25

Evolutionary psychology subscribes to the view that our behavior reflects _________ _______________ or __________ that increased the likelihood of ________ of our early ancestors

Answer 25

Inherited predispositions
Tendencies
Survival

Question 26

What is humanistic perspective?

Answer 26

An approach to the study of psychology that applies the principles of humanistic psychology

Question 27

What is physiological perspective?

Answer 27

An approach to the study of psychology that focuses on the relationships between biological processes and bhavior

Question 28

What is cognitive perspective?

Answer 28

An approach to the study of psychology that focuses on the process by which we acquire knowledge

Question 29

What is evolutionary psychology?

Answer 29

A branch of psychology that focuses on the role of evolutionary processes in shaping behavior

Question 30

What is the sociocultural perspective?

Answer 30

An approach to the study of psychology that emphasizes the role of social and cultural influences on behavior

Question 31

What is positive psychology?

Answer 31

A contemporary movement within psychology that emphasizes the study of human virtues and assets, rather than weakness and deficits