Ch. 2, atomic structure and the periodic table

Question 1

(transition metal properties) they often form ..

Answer 1

colored compounds

Question 2

(transition metal properties) they can have a variety of … states

Answer 2

oxidation

Question 3

(transition metal properties) at least one of their compounds has an … subshell

Answer 3

incomplete d electron

Question 4

(transition metal properties) they are often good

Answer 4

catalysts

Question 5

(transition metal properties) they are … at room temperature (except copper and gold)

Answer 5

silvery blue

Question 6

(transition metal properties) they are … at room temperature (except mercury)

Answer 6

solids

Question 7

(transition metal properties) they form

Answer 7

complex ions

Question 8

(transition metal properties) they are often … due to … electrons

Answer 8

paramagnetic; unpaired

Question 9

periodic law: the properties of elements are a

Answer 9

periodic function of their atomic numbers

Question 10

acid-forming properties increase from …to .. on the table

Answer 10

left; right

Question 11

base-forming properties decrease from … to … on the table

Answer 11

left; right

Question 12

the atomic radii of elements … across a period

Answer 12

decrease

Question 13

first ionization energies … across a period

Answer 13

increase

Question 14

metallic properties are greatest on the … side of the table and decrease to the …

Answer 14

left; right

Question 15

nonmetallic properties are greatest on the … of the table and decrease tot he …

Answer 15

right; left

Question 16

alpha particles are … particles of ….

Answer 16

positively charged; helium nuclei

Question 17

beta particles are streams of

Answer 17

high-speed electrons

Question 18

gamma rays are … similar to X-rays

Answer 18

high-energy radiations

Question 19

(alpha particle) ejection reduces the atomic number by …, the atomic weight by …

Answer 19

2; 4 amu

Question 20

(alpha particle) high …, relative …
range: about … in air
shielding needed: stopped by the thickness of a …, …

Answer 20

energy; velocity; 5 cm; sheet of paper; skin

Question 21

(alpha particle) interactions: produces about … ionizations per cm; repelled by the …; attracts …, but does not capture them until its speed is much …

Answer 21

100,000; positively charged nucleus; electrons; reduced

Question 22

(beta particle) ejected when a … decays into a … and an …

Answer 22

neutron; proton; electron

Question 23

(beta particle) high …, low ….
range: about … m
shielding needed: stopped by 1 cm of .. or thickness of …

Answer 23

velocity; energy; 12; aluminum; average book

Question 24

(beta particle) interactions: … because of high .., but produces about .. ionizations per cm

Answer 24

weak; velocity; 100

Question 25

(gamma radiation) no ..., beta particles and gamma rays are usually ..., after a beta is emitted, a gamma ray ... arrangement in nucleus is .... same velocity as ...

Answer 25

charge; emitted together; follows; unknown; visible light

Question 26

(gamma radiation) range: ...., shielding needed: about 13 cm of ...., interactions: ... of itself; gives ... to electrons, which then perform the ...

Answer 26

no specific range; lead; weak; energy; ionization

Question 27

photographic plate: the fogging of a photographic emulsion led to the discovery of radioactivity. if this emulsion is viewed under a high-power ..., it is seen that beta and gamma rays cause the silver bromide grains to develop in a .. fashion

Answer 27

microscope; scattered

Question 28

scinitillation counter: a fluorescent screen will show the presence of ... and ... if the screen is viewed with a magnifying glass, small flashes of ..., called ..., will be observed. these allow one to detect the presence of and count ...

Answer 28

electrons; X-rays; light; scintillations; alpha particles

Question 29

geiger counter: most widely used at the present time for determining ... any particle that will produce an ion gives rise to an ... so the type of particle cannot be indentified. however, each individual particle can be detected

Answer 29

individual radiation; avalanche of ions

Question 30

spontaneous disintegration produces the gas known as

Answer 30

radon

Question 31

transmutation: conversion of an element to a ... because of a change in the number of ...

Answer 31

new element; protons

Question 32

the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 is the same as in the atmosphere for any living organism because of the constant interchange of materials between .... and .... this fact is used for carbon dating

Answer 32

organism; surroundings

Question 33

a nuclear fission reaction is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into

Answer 33

two or more lighter nuclei

Question 34

a nuclear chain reaction is a reaction in which an initial step leads to a succession of

Answer 34

repeating steps that continues indefinitely

Question 35

a nuclear fusion reaction is the combination of very light nuclei to make a .... extremely high ... and ... are required in order to overcome the ... forces of the two nuclei

Answer 35

heavier nucleus; temperatures; pressures; repulsive

Question 36

nuclear changes convert ... into .... energy released during nuclear reactions is much greater than the energy released during ...

Answer 36

matter; energy; chemical reactions