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Kinesiology Lecture > Ch. 2 Articular system > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Articular system Flashcards

1
Q

What are articulations?

A

Where 2 bones meet

Body movements occurs at joints (articulations)

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2
Q

What does joint structure determine?

A

Direction

Distance of Movement (Range of Motion)

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3
Q

What is the relationship between joint mobility and joint stability?

A

There is an inverse relationship

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4
Q

Define degrees of freedom.

A

The number of axes (or planes) in which a joint can move

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of degrees of freedom that can occur in joints?

A

Uniaxial Joints: Movement along 1 axis (plane)

Biaxial Joints: Movement along 2 axes (planes)

Triaxial Joints: Movement along 3 axes (planes)

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6
Q

What does a greater degree of freedom lead to?

A

greater the mobility and less stability

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7
Q

What are nonaxial joints and examples?

A

Little movement

Movement is Gliding or Plane joints

Examples: Intercarpal Joints; Intertarsal Joints

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8
Q

What are the 2 classification methods for joints?

A

Functional classification

Structural classification

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9
Q

Describe the functional classification of joints?

A

Based on Joint Range of Motion

Synarthrosis (Immovable Joint)
Amphiarthrosis (Slightly Movable Joint)
Diarthrosis (Freely Movable Joint)

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10
Q

Describe the structural classification of joints?

A

Based on Anatomical Organization of the Joint

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Bony
Synovial

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11
Q

What are synovial (diarthrodial) joints?

A

freely movable joints

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12
Q

What are number of axes that synovial (diarthrodial) joints can have?

A

Nonaxial Joints

Uniaxial Joints

Biaxial Joints

Triaxial Joints

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13
Q

What are the different classifications based on shape of the articulating surfaces of synovial joints?

A

Gliding (Planar) Joints

Hinge Joints

Pivot Joints

Condylar (Ellipsoidal) Joints

Saddle Joints

Ball and Socket

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14
Q

Describe Gliding (Plane) Joints

A

Flattened or slightly curved surfaces

Limited motion (Nonaxial Joint)

Movement tends to be linear instead of angular so surfaces glide across each other instead of one moving around the other

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15
Q

What are some examples of gliding (plane) joints?

A

Intercarpal Joints

Intertarsal Joints

Acromioclavicular Joint

Vertebrocostal Joints

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16
Q

Describe Hinge (Ginglymus) Joints

A

The convex surface on one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone

Angular Motion in a 1 Plane (Uniaxial Joint) - Flexion/Extension

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17
Q

What are some examples of hinge (ginglymus) joints?

A

Elbow Joint

Knee Joint (modified hinge)

Interphalangeal Joints

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18
Q

Describe Condyloid (Ellipsoid) Joints

A

The oval surface of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone

Angular Motion in 2 Planes (Biaxial Joint):

  • Flexion/Extension
  • Abduction/Adduction
  • Circumduction (Multiplanar)
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19
Q

What are some examples of condyloid (ellipsoid) joints?

A

Radiocarpal Joint

Metacarpophalangeal Joints 2 – 5

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20
Q

Describe saddle joints

A

The saddle-shaped surface of one bone articulates with the articular surface of the another bone that fits into the “saddle”

Angular Motion in 2 Planes (Biaxial Joint)

  • Flexion/Extension
  • Abduction/Adduction
  • Circumduction (Multiplanar)
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21
Q

What are some examples of saddle joints?

A

Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb

Trapezium and the first metacarpal

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22
Q

Describe pivot joints

A

The rounded surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament

Angular Motion in a 1 Plane (Uniaxial Joint)
-Rotation

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23
Q

What are some examples of pivot joints?

A

Atlanto-axial Joint

Radio-ulnar Joints

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24
Q

Describe ball-and-socket joints

A

The ball-like surface of 1 bone rests within a cup-like depression of another bone

Angular Motion in 3 Planes (Triaxial Joint)

  • Flexion/Extension
  • Abduction/Adduction
  • Internal and External Rotation
  • Circumduction (Multiplanar)
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25
What are some examples of ball-and-socket joints?
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint Hip Joint
26
What are the features of synovial joints (diarthodial)?
Articular Cartilage Joint Cavity Articular Capsule Synovial Fluid Reinforcing Ligaments Nerves and Blood Vessels
27
What is articular cartilage?
The articulating surfaces of synovial joints are covered by articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) Prevents bones from touching
28
What is the joint cavity?
Joint space that contains synovial fluid
29
What is the articular capsule?
2 Layers: - Outer Fibrous Capsule (dense irregular CT) - Inner Synovial Membrane Continuous with periosteum Strengthens the joint so the bones are not pulled apart
30
Can there be more than one type of cartilage at a joint?
yes
31
What is the synovial membrane?
A connective tissue membrane Lines moving, articulating joint cavities Makes up the inner layer of the Articular Capsule No epithelium
32
What does the synovial membrane consist of?
Connective Tissue: - Areolar Connective Tissue - Adipose Tissue A Discontinuous Layer of Cells -Synoviocytes: Cells of the synovial membrane
33
What are the 2 types of synovial cells in the synovial membrane?
Macrophage-like Synovial Cells (Type A Cells): Remove wear-and-tear debris from Synovial Fluid Fibroblastic Synovial Cells (Type B Cells): Produce hyaluronan and Acts as a lubricant
34
Synovial fluid consist mainly of what?
Interstitial Fluid: Filtered from the blood plasma diffused from capillaries in the Synovial Membrane Hyaluronan: Released by Fibroblastic Synovial Cells (Type B Cells)
35
What is synovial fluid?
Fluid within the joint cavity Lubricates the joint to reduce friction Provides nutrients and waste disposal Provides shock absorption
36
What are reinforcing ligaments?
Ligaments that reinforce and strengthen the joint
37
What are the accessory structures of synovial joints?
cartilage fat pads ligaments tendons bursa(e) synovial tendon sheath labrum
38
What is cartilage?
Fibrocartilage pads that separate the articulating surfaces Helps to cushion the joint Example: Menisci (articular disc)
39
What are fat pads?
Localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a Synovial Membrane Superficial to the Joint Capsule Protect articular cartilages
40
What are ligaments?
Support and strengthen joints
41
What is occurring when a ligament sprains?
Ligaments with torn collagen fibers- fibers of ligaments are stretched beyond capacity
42
What are tendons?
Are not part of the joint Pass across or around a joint May limit joint ROM Provide mechanical support for the joint Anchor to other tissue including bone
43
What is occurring when a tendon strains?
injury to a muscle or tendon
44
What is a bursa(e)
Small fluid-filled (synovial fluid) sac Reduce friction between tissues (typically between bones) Cushions movement of these tissues against each other
45
What does a bursa sac consist of?
Outer Layer: Consists of dense connective tissue Inner Layer: Consists of synovial membrane
46
What are bursa located?
between: - Skin and Bones - Tendons and Bones - Muscles and Bones - Ligaments and Bones
47
What is Synovial Tendon Sheath?
An elongated tube-like bursa (for when a regular bursa doesn’t fit) Wraps around a tendon where it crosses bone surfaces Protects all sides of a tendon from friction as the tendon slides back and forth
48
What is the labrum?
A fibrocartilaginous structure Attaches to the rim of the Acetabulum and Glenoid Cavity Helps to deepen the joint socket
49
Describe dislocation
Complete separation of the 2 articulating surfaces of a joint Involves tearing of the capsule surrounding the joint and possibly tearing of tendons and ligaments Associated with acute trauma
50
Describe subluxation
A partial dislocation of a joint Can occur - Over time - Due to acute trauma
51
What is osteoarthritis also known as?
Also called Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) Known as “Wear-and-Tear” Arthritis b/c it occurs over a period of time
52
What is the most common type of joint disease?
osteoarthritis
53
What does osteoarthritis primarily affect?
synovial joints
54
What are the joint changes associated with OA?
Gradual loss of articular cartilage Bony outgrowths or spurs (osteophytes) Mild synovial inflammation Thinning of joint space and thickening on end plates
55
What do the joint changes associated with OA result in?
Joint pain and stiffness Limited ROM Joint instability and deformity
56
Describe a sprain
Partial or complete tearing of ligament fibers
57
Describe a strain
Injury to a muscle or tendon Resulting in an overstretching or tearing of the fibers of a Muscle or Tendon
58
What is tendonitis?
Inflammation of a tendon Findings include - Pain and burning in the affected area - Decreased strength and flexibility - Pain with activity Due to an acute overload of the musculotendinous tissue
59
What is tendinosis?
Intratendinous degeneration (tendon starts to degenerate) No significant inflammation Due to chronic overuse
60
What is synovitis?
Inflammation of the synovial membrane Can be due to inflammatory diseases (e.g., Rheumatoid Arthritis) and infection
61
What is tenosynovitis?
Inflammation of the tendon sheath Can be due to inflammatory diseases (e.g., Rheumatoid Arthritis), infection and overuse
62
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of the bursa Can be due to inflammatory diseases (e.g., Rheumatoid Arthritis), infection, trauma and overuse
63
What is capsulitis?
Inflammation of the joint capsule Leads to joint stiffness and restriction of movement
64
What is capsular pattern?
When a joint capsule is inflamed for an extended period of time it begins to lose it extensibility and leads to loss of joint ROM Each joint has a characteristic pattern of loss of ROM that occurs when capsular tightness is present This pattern of loss of ROM is referred to as the Capsular Pattern of Motion Restriction
65
What is the common capsular pattern in the shoulder joint?
severe loss of lateral rotation moderate loss of abduction slight loss of medial rotation
66
What is the common capsular pattern in the wrist joint?
equal loss of flexion and extension
67
What is the common capsular pattern in the knee joint?
more loss of flexion than extension

Kinesiology Lecture (3 decks)

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