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Kinesiology Lecture > Ch. 2 Articular system > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Articular system Flashcards

1
Q

What are articulations?

A

Where 2 bones meet

Body movements occurs at joints (articulations)

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2
Q

What does joint structure determine?

A

Direction

Distance of Movement (Range of Motion)

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3
Q

What is the relationship between joint mobility and joint stability?

A

There is an inverse relationship

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4
Q

Define degrees of freedom.

A

The number of axes (or planes) in which a joint can move

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of degrees of freedom that can occur in joints?

A

Uniaxial Joints: Movement along 1 axis (plane)

Biaxial Joints: Movement along 2 axes (planes)

Triaxial Joints: Movement along 3 axes (planes)

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6
Q

What does a greater degree of freedom lead to?

A

greater the mobility and less stability

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7
Q

What are nonaxial joints and examples?

A

Little movement

Movement is Gliding or Plane joints

Examples: Intercarpal Joints; Intertarsal Joints

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8
Q

What are the 2 classification methods for joints?

A

Functional classification

Structural classification

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9
Q

Describe the functional classification of joints?

A

Based on Joint Range of Motion

Synarthrosis (Immovable Joint)
Amphiarthrosis (Slightly Movable Joint)
Diarthrosis (Freely Movable Joint)

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10
Q

Describe the structural classification of joints?

A

Based on Anatomical Organization of the Joint

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Bony
Synovial

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11
Q

What are synovial (diarthrodial) joints?

A

freely movable joints

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12
Q

What are number of axes that synovial (diarthrodial) joints can have?

A

Nonaxial Joints

Uniaxial Joints

Biaxial Joints

Triaxial Joints

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13
Q

What are the different classifications based on shape of the articulating surfaces of synovial joints?

A

Gliding (Planar) Joints

Hinge Joints

Pivot Joints

Condylar (Ellipsoidal) Joints

Saddle Joints

Ball and Socket

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14
Q

Describe Gliding (Plane) Joints

A

Flattened or slightly curved surfaces

Limited motion (Nonaxial Joint)

Movement tends to be linear instead of angular so surfaces glide across each other instead of one moving around the other

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15
Q

What are some examples of gliding (plane) joints?

A

Intercarpal Joints

Intertarsal Joints

Acromioclavicular Joint

Vertebrocostal Joints

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16
Q

Describe Hinge (Ginglymus) Joints

A

The convex surface on one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone

Angular Motion in a 1 Plane (Uniaxial Joint) - Flexion/Extension

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17
Q

What are some examples of hinge (ginglymus) joints?

A

Elbow Joint

Knee Joint (modified hinge)

Interphalangeal Joints

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18
Q

Describe Condyloid (Ellipsoid) Joints

A

The oval surface of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone

Angular Motion in 2 Planes (Biaxial Joint):

  • Flexion/Extension
  • Abduction/Adduction
  • Circumduction (Multiplanar)
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19
Q

What are some examples of condyloid (ellipsoid) joints?

A

Radiocarpal Joint

Metacarpophalangeal Joints 2 – 5

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20
Q

Describe saddle joints

A

The saddle-shaped surface of one bone articulates with the articular surface of the another bone that fits into the “saddle”

Angular Motion in 2 Planes (Biaxial Joint)

  • Flexion/Extension
  • Abduction/Adduction
  • Circumduction (Multiplanar)
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21
Q

What are some examples of saddle joints?

A

Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb

Trapezium and the first metacarpal

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22
Q

Describe pivot joints

A

The rounded surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament

Angular Motion in a 1 Plane (Uniaxial Joint)
-Rotation

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23
Q

What are some examples of pivot joints?

A

Atlanto-axial Joint

Radio-ulnar Joints

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24
Q

Describe ball-and-socket joints

A

The ball-like surface of 1 bone rests within a cup-like depression of another bone

Angular Motion in 3 Planes (Triaxial Joint)

  • Flexion/Extension
  • Abduction/Adduction
  • Internal and External Rotation
  • Circumduction (Multiplanar)
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25
Q

What are some examples of ball-and-socket joints?

A

Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

Hip Joint

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26
Q

What are the features of synovial joints (diarthodial)?

A

Articular Cartilage

Joint Cavity

Articular Capsule

Synovial Fluid

Reinforcing Ligaments

Nerves and Blood Vessels

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27
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

The articulating surfaces of synovial joints are covered by articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

Prevents bones from touching

28
Q

What is the joint cavity?

A

Joint space that contains synovial fluid

29
Q

What is the articular capsule?

A

2 Layers:

  • Outer Fibrous Capsule (dense irregular CT)
  • Inner Synovial Membrane

Continuous with periosteum

Strengthens the joint so the bones are not pulled apart

30
Q

Can there be more than one type of cartilage at a joint?

A

yes

31
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

A connective tissue membrane

Lines moving, articulating joint cavities

Makes up the inner layer of the Articular Capsule

No epithelium

32
Q

What does the synovial membrane consist of?

A

Connective Tissue:

  • Areolar Connective Tissue
  • Adipose Tissue

A Discontinuous Layer of Cells
-Synoviocytes: Cells of the synovial membrane

33
Q

What are the 2 types of synovial cells in the synovial membrane?

A

Macrophage-like Synovial Cells (Type A Cells): Remove wear-and-tear debris from Synovial Fluid

Fibroblastic Synovial Cells (Type B Cells): Produce hyaluronan and Acts as a lubricant

34
Q

Synovial fluid consist mainly of what?

A

Interstitial Fluid: Filtered from the blood plasma diffused from capillaries in the Synovial Membrane

Hyaluronan: Released by Fibroblastic Synovial Cells (Type B Cells)

35
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Fluid within the joint cavity

Lubricates the joint to reduce friction

Provides nutrients and waste disposal

Provides shock absorption

36
Q

What are reinforcing ligaments?

A

Ligaments that reinforce and strengthen the joint

37
Q

What are the accessory structures of synovial joints?

A

cartilage

fat pads

ligaments

tendons

bursa(e)

synovial tendon sheath

labrum

38
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage pads that separate the articulating surfaces

Helps to cushion the joint

Example: Menisci (articular disc)

39
Q

What are fat pads?

A

Localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a Synovial Membrane

Superficial to the Joint Capsule

Protect articular cartilages

40
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Support and strengthen joints

41
Q

What is occurring when a ligament sprains?

A

Ligaments with torn collagen fibers- fibers of ligaments are stretched beyond capacity

42
Q

What are tendons?

A

Are not part of the joint

Pass across or around a joint

May limit joint ROM

Provide mechanical support for the joint

Anchor to other tissue including bone

43
Q

What is occurring when a tendon strains?

A

injury to a muscle or tendon

44
Q

What is a bursa(e)

A

Small fluid-filled (synovial fluid) sac

Reduce friction between tissues (typically between bones)

Cushions movement of these tissues against each other

45
Q

What does a bursa sac consist of?

A

Outer Layer: Consists of dense connective tissue

Inner Layer: Consists of synovial membrane

46
Q

What are bursa located?

A

between:

  • Skin and Bones
  • Tendons and Bones
  • Muscles and Bones
  • Ligaments and Bones
47
Q

What is Synovial Tendon Sheath?

A

An elongated tube-like bursa (for when a regular bursa doesn’t fit)

Wraps around a tendon where it crosses bone surfaces

Protects all sides of a tendon from friction as the tendon slides back and forth

48
Q

What is the labrum?

A

A fibrocartilaginous structure

Attaches to the rim of the Acetabulum and Glenoid Cavity

Helps to deepen the joint socket

49
Q

Describe dislocation

A

Complete separation of the 2 articulating surfaces of a joint

Involves tearing of the capsule surrounding the joint and possibly tearing of tendons and ligaments

Associated with acute trauma

50
Q

Describe subluxation

A

A partial dislocation of a joint

Can occur

  • Over time
  • Due to acute trauma
51
Q

What is osteoarthritis also known as?

A

Also called Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)

Known as “Wear-and-Tear” Arthritis b/c it occurs over a period of time

52
Q

What is the most common type of joint disease?

A

osteoarthritis

53
Q

What does osteoarthritis primarily affect?

A

synovial joints

54
Q

What are the joint changes associated with OA?

A

Gradual loss of articular cartilage

Bony outgrowths or spurs (osteophytes)

Mild synovial inflammation

Thinning of joint space and thickening on end plates

55
Q

What do the joint changes associated with OA result in?

A

Joint pain and stiffness

Limited ROM

Joint instability and deformity

56
Q

Describe a sprain

A

Partial or complete tearing of ligament fibers

57
Q

Describe a strain

A

Injury to a muscle or tendon

Resulting in an overstretching or tearing of the fibers of a Muscle or Tendon

58
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Inflammation of a tendon

Findings include

  • Pain and burning in the affected area
  • Decreased strength and flexibility
  • Pain with activity

Due to an acute overload of the musculotendinous tissue

59
Q

What is tendinosis?

A

Intratendinous degeneration (tendon starts to degenerate)

No significant inflammation

Due to chronic overuse

60
Q

What is synovitis?

A

Inflammation of the synovial membrane

Can be due to inflammatory diseases (e.g., Rheumatoid Arthritis) and infection

61
Q

What is tenosynovitis?

A

Inflammation of the tendon sheath

Can be due to inflammatory diseases (e.g., Rheumatoid Arthritis), infection and overuse

62
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Inflammation of the bursa

Can be due to inflammatory diseases (e.g., Rheumatoid Arthritis), infection, trauma and overuse

63
Q

What is capsulitis?

A

Inflammation of the joint capsule

Leads to joint stiffness and restriction of movement

64
Q

What is capsular pattern?

A

When a joint capsule is inflamed for an extended period of time it begins to lose it extensibility and leads to loss of joint ROM

Each joint has a characteristic pattern of loss of ROM that occurs when capsular tightness is present

This pattern of loss of ROM is referred to as the Capsular Pattern of Motion Restriction

65
Q

What is the common capsular pattern in the shoulder joint?

A

severe loss of lateral rotation

moderate loss of abduction

slight loss of medial rotation

66
Q

What is the common capsular pattern in the wrist joint?

A

equal loss of flexion and extension

67
Q

What is the common capsular pattern in the knee joint?

A

more loss of flexion than extension

Kinesiology Lecture (3 decks)

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