Ch. 1 Basic Info Flashcards

1
Q

What is kinesiology?

A

The study of movement

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2
Q

What is biomechanics?

A

The science of internal and external forces acting on living organisms (e.g., human body)

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3
Q

What is kinetics?

A

The forces acting on the body to:

  • Cause Movement
  • Resist Movement
  • Modify Movement
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4
Q

Name some examples of kinestics?

A

Muscles

Gravity

Friction

External Resistance

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5
Q

What is kinematics?

A

A branch of biomechanics that describes the movement of a body without regard to the forces that produce the motion

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6
Q

What are the subdivisions of kinematics?

A

Based on specific focus of motion:

  • Osteokinematics
  • Arthrokinematics
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7
Q

What is Osteokinematics?

A

(what we would typically think of)

The manner in which bones move in space without regard for joint surfaces

Concerned with the movement of the bony segments that make up a joint

Movements of bony segments through their ROM

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8
Q

What is Arthrokinematics?

A

The manner in which movement occurs within a joint and between joint surfaces

How adjoining joint surfaces move on each other during Osteokinematic joint movement

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9
Q

Which sciences does human movement encompass?

A

Anatomy

Physiology

Physics

Mechanics

Biomechanics

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10
Q

What does the science of physics deal with?

A

Matter

Energy

Motion

Force

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11
Q

What is mechanics?

A

Is a branch of Physics concerned with:

  • Force
  • Acceleration
  • Motion
  • Mass
  • How these affect a physical body
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12
Q

What are the primary sources of force that affect body movement?

A

gravity

skeletal muscles

external resistance

friction

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13
Q

What is gravity?

A

The force that attracts an object toward the center of the earth

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14
Q

How do skeletal muscles produce force on the skeletal system?

A

Active Contraction

Passive Stretching

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15
Q

What is external resistance?

A

Anything a muscle must work against to produce motion

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16
Q

What is friction?

A

The resistance to movement when 2 structures are in contact with each other

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17
Q

What is movement affected by?

A

Muscle Contraction

Center of Gravity

Muscle Force

External Forces

Internal and External Moment Arms

Joint Structure

Friction

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18
Q

What are the 4 aspects of muscle force?

A

Point of Force Application

Line of Application

Direction

Magnitude

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19
Q

What does human movement often involve?

A

Multiple bony segments

Joints connecting bony segments

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20
Q

What is a kinetic chain?

A

Bony segments and their related joints

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21
Q

Which components of the body work together to produce proper movement?

A

Bony Segments, Related Joints and Skeletal Muscles

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22
Q

Ex. Reaching forward to grasp a doorknob involves which bony segments, joints, and muscles?

A

Bony Segments: Of the hand, wrist, forearm, arm, scapula and thorax

Joints: Of the hand, wrist, elbow, shoulder and shoulder girdle

Muscles: Of the upper extremity, scapula and thorax

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23
Q

Are body segments typically used to describe joint motion?

A

no

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24
Q

How to joints and body segments relate to movement?

A

Movement occurs at a joint and the body segment goes along for the ride

Example: Flexion occurs at the shoulder (glenohumeral joint), not the arm

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25
What is the anatomical position?
A reference position of the body in a static position
26
What is anatomical position used to describe?
Movement Planes of Motion Structures and Areas of the Body
27
Describe the anatomical position?
Person: Stands erect Face and Eyes: facing forward Head: Is level Feet: flat on floor and pointed forward Arms: at sides Palms: facing forward
28
What are the positions called when a patient is lying face up and lying face down?
Supine: Lying face up Prone: Lying face down
29
What is the position called when a patient is lying on their side?
(right or left) lateral recumbent
30
What is descriptive terminology?
Specific terms are used to describe the location of a structure and its position relative to other structures ex. superior, anterior, medial
31
Define superior and inferior.
Superior: Above other structures, toward the head Inferior: Below other structures, away from the head
32
Define anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal).
Anterior (Ventral): Toward the front of the body Posterior (Dorsal): Toward the back of the body
33
Define medial and lateral.
Medial: Toward the midline Lateral: Away from the midline
34
Define proximal and distal.
Proximal: Nearest to the point of attachment to the trunk Distal: Farthest from the point of attachment to the trunk
35
Define superficial (external) and deep (internal).
Superficial (External): Toward or at the body surface Deep (Internal): Away from the body surface
36
Define contralateral, ipsilateral, and bilateral
Contralateral: On the other side of the body Ipsilateral: On same side of the body Bilateral: Refers to both sides
37
Define cephalad (cranial) and caudal.
Cephalad (Cranial): Toward or close to the head Caudal: Pertaining to the tail; directed toward the tail; inferior to or below another structure
38
When are cephalad and caudal used as descriptive terminology?
generally used to describe positions on a quadruped (a four-legged animal)
39
When moving from the sternum to the umbilicus, you are moving ____.
inferiorly
40
The humeral head is located on the _____ end of the humerus.
proximal
41
The manubrium is located ______ to the xiphoid process.
superior
42
When moving from the patella to the tarsal region, you are moving _____.
distally
43
When moving from the sternum to the axilla (in the transverse plane), you are moving ______.
laterally
44
The elbow is located ______ to the wrist but _____ to the shoulder.
proximal distal
45
What are anatomical planes useful when describing?
body movements
46
How are human movements described?
in 3 dimensions based on a series of planes
47
What are anatomical planes?
An imaginary surface that passes through the body parts The planes are perpendicular to each other
48
Name the anatomical planes.
Sagittal Plane Frontal (Coronal) Plane Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
49
What is the sagittal plane?
Divides the body or an organ into right and left sides
50
What is the mid-sagittal plane?
Passes directly through the midline of the body or an organ Cuts the body or an organ into equal sides includes the midline and parasagittal plane
51
What is the midline?
Part of the sagittal plane An imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides
52
What is the parasagittal plane?
When the Sagittal Plane does not pass through the midline This plane is parallel to the Mid-Sagittal Plane Divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides
53
Where does the sagittal plane axis run?
runs Lateral-Medial (Coronal Plane)
54
What is the frontal (coronal) plane?
Divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts
55
Where does the frontal (coronal) plane axis run?
The axis runs Anterior-Posterior (Sagittal Plane)
56
What is the transverse (horizontal) plaene?
Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior parts
57
Where does the transverse (horizontal) plane run?
runs Superior-Inferior (Vertically)
58
What is the axis in relation to motion?
The point around which rotation occurs
59
What are axes in relation to motion?
Points that run through the center of a joint around which it rotates
60
How do the body and body segments move?
in planes of motion around axes of motion
61
Where is the axis or rotation in relation to the anatomical plane?
The Axis of Rotation is perpendicular to the Anatomical Plane
62
What are the 2 was human body movement is described as occurring?
Along a Plane of Motion Around that Plane of Motion’s Axis
63
Describe the X Axis of rotation
Lateral-Medial Axis Runs side-to-side Located in the Frontal Plane
64
Describe the Z Axis of rotation
Anterior-Posterior Axis Runs front-to-back Located in the Sagittal Plane
65
Describe the Y Axis of rotation
Vertical Axis Runs up-and-down (superior-inferior) Located in the Transverse Plane
66
What are the 3 axes around which the 3 planes rotate?
Medial-Lateral Axis (Frontal Plane) Anterior-Posterior Axis (Sagittal Plane) Superior-Inferior Axis (Vertical)
67
What is the line of pull of a muscle?
the direction of force exerted by a muscle the long axis of the muscle
68
What does the relationship between the line of pull of a muscle and the axis of rotation of the joint the muscle crosses determine?
the movement that occurs at the joint
69
What affects the line of pull of a muscle?
The exact attachment sites on the bony segments The relative position of the attachments to each other The distance between the joint’s axis of rotation and the muscle’s attachment on the bone Types of movement that can occur at the joint the muscle crosses The side of the joint(s) the muscle crosses The effect of the position of other joints the muscle crosses
70
Muscles with a Line of Pull Anterior to the Medial-Lateral Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?
Flexion in the Sagittal Plane Examples: - Biceps Brachii - Anterior Deltoid
71
Muscles with a Line of Pull Posterior to the Medial-Lateral Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?
Extension in the Sagittal Plane Examples: - Triceps Brachii - Posterior Deltoid
72
Muscles with a Line of Pull Superior or Lateral to the Anterior-Posterior Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?
Abduction in the Frontal Plane Example: Middle Deltoid
73
Muscles with a Line of Pull Inferior or Medial to the Anterior-Posterior Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?
Adduction in the Frontal Plane Example: Latissimus Dorsi
74
Muscles with a Line of Pull Anterior to the Superior-Inferior Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?
Internal rotation in the Transverse Plane Example: Subscapularis
75
Muscles with a Line of Pull Posterior to the Superior-Inferior Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?
External rotation in the Transverse Plane Example: Infraspinatus
76
In what plane/axis does Flexion/Extension occur?
In the Sagittal Plane Around Frontal Axis
77
In what plane/axis does Abduction/Adduction occur?
In the Frontal Plane Around Sagittal Axis
78
In what plane/axis does Rotation occur?
In the Transverse Plane Around a Superior-Inferior Axis
79
What is the plane/axis movement exception?
Flexion/Extension and Abduction/Adduction at the thumb (Carpometacarpal Joint)
80
Define degrees of freedom.
The number of axes (or planes) in which a joint can move
81
What are the different degrees of freedom possible for a joint?
Uniaxial: Movement along 1 axis (plane) Biaxial: Movement along 2 axes (planes) Triaxial: Movement along 3 axes (planes)
82
What does a greater degree of freedom of a joint lead to?
The greater the Degree of Freedom, the greater the mobility and less stability
83
What does flexion in the sagittal plane lead to?
Decreases the joint angle Brings the articulating bones closer together
84
What does extension in the sagittal plane lead to?
Increases the joint angle Brings the articulating bones farther apart
85
What does hyperextension in the sagittal plane lead to?
Extension past the anatomical position (in posterior direction)
86
What does dorsiflexion in the sagittal plane lead to?
Moving the dorsum (top) of the foot toward the anterior surface of the tibia which decreases the angle at the talocrural (ankle) joint
87
What does plantar flexion in the sagittal plane lead to?
Moving the dorsum (top) of the foot away from the anterior surface of the tibia increases the angle at the talocrural (ankle) joint
88
Where does tilt occur in the sagittal plane?
at the pelvis and scapula
89
What occurs with an anterior pelvic tilt?
The ASIS moves in an anterior and inferior direction
90
What occurs with a posterior pelvic tilt?
The ASIS moves in a posterior and superior direction
91
What occurs with an Anterior Tilt of the Scapula?
The Coracoid Process moves in an anterior and inferior direction while the Inferior Angle moves in a posterior and superior direction
92
What occurs with a Posterior Tilt of the Scapula?
The Coracoid Process moves in a posterior and superior direction while the Inferior Angle moves in an anterior and inferior direction
93
How is the ASIS aligned horizontally and vertically?
Horizontally aligned with the PSIS Vertically aligned with the Pubic Symphysis
94
Which joint movements occur in the frontal (coronal) plane?
abduction/adduction lateral flexion inversion/eversion elevation/depression shoulder girdle elevation/depression lateral pelvic tilt shoulder girdle upward (outward) rotation/shoulder girdle downward (inward) rotation
95
Define abduction and adduction.
Abduction: Moving a limb away from the midline of the body Adduction : Moving a limb toward the midline of the body
96
Define lateral flexion.
Bending the vertebral column to the side
97
Define inversion and eversion.
Inversion: Turning the plantar surface of the foot toward the midline Eversion: Turning the plantar surface of the foot away from the midline
98
Define elevation and depression.
Elevation: Moving a body part superiorly Depression: Moving an elevated body part inferiorly
99
Define shoulder girdle elevation and shoulder girdle depression.
Shoulder Girdle Elevation: Moving the scapula and lateral end of the clavicle in a superior direction Shoulder Girdle Depression: Moving the scapula and lateral end of the clavicle in an inferior direction
100
Define lateral pelvic tilt.
Moving the ipsilateral iliac crest in either a superior or an inferior direction
101
Define shoulder girdle upward (outward) rotation and shoulder girdle downward (inward) rotation
Shoulder Girdle Upward (Outward) Rotation: Moving the scapula so that the glenoid cavity faces superiorly Shoulder Girdle Downward (Inward) Rotation: Moving the scapula so that the glenoid cavity faces inferiorly
102
Which joint movements occur in the transverse (horizontal) plane?
horizontal adduction (flexion)/horizontal abduction (extension) protraction/retraction rotation
103
Define horizontal adduction (flexion) and horizontal abduction (extension).
Horizontal Adduction (Flexion): Moving the humerus or femur, in the horizontal plane, toward the midline of the body or in the anterior direction Horizontal Abduction (Extension): Moving the humerus or femur, in the horizontal plane, away from the midline of the body or in the posterior direction
104
Define protraction and retraction.
Protraction: Moving a part of the body anteriorly in the horizontal plane (Examples: Mandible, Scapulae (protraction or abduction)) Retraction: Moving a part of the body posteriorly in the horizontal plane (Examples: Mandible, Scapulae (retraction or adduction))
105
Define rotation.
turning a bone along its own long axis
106
Define right/left rotation.
Turning at your vertebral column
107
Define Internal/Medial/Inward Rotation.
Moving the anterior surface of a limb toward the midline of the body
108
Define External/Lateral/Outward Rotation.
Moving the anterior surface of a limb away from the midline of the body
109
Define supination and pronation.
Supination: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly Pronation: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly
110
Name the 4 special movements (multiplanar).
opposition reposition circumduction scaption
111
Define opposition and where it occurs.
Moving the thumb to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand A combination of Abduction and Flexion Occurs at the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
112
Define reposition.
Moving the fingers out of opposition
113
Define circumduction.
Moving the distal end of a body part in a circle Is a combination of Flexion, Abduction, Extension and Adduction
114
Define scaption.
Movement in the plane of the scapula The Scapular Plane is approximately 30°– 45° anterior to the Frontal Plane
115
Define motion.
The process of a change in position
116
What are the 2 ways a body and its segments can move?
Linear Motion: Also known as Translatory Motion Angular Motion: Also known as Rotary Motion
117
In linear motion all points on a body or object travel where?
The same Distance In the same Direction Along the same path At the same Time At the same speed
118
What are the 2 ways in which linear motion can occur?
Rectilinear Motion Curvilinear Motion
119
What is rectilinear motion?
A type of Linear Motion in which motion occurs along a straight line - All points on a body or object move in a straight line - The orientation of the object does not change - All points on the object move the same distance - The object travels in a straight path; The direction of motion does not change Example: Sledding down a snow-covered hill in a straight line
120
What is curvilinear motion?
A type of Linear Motion in which motion occurs along a curved line - All points on a body or object move in a curved line - The orientation of the object changes - All points on the object move the same distance - The object travels in a curved path; The direction of motion does not change Example: A skier zigzagging down a hill
121
What is angular (rotary) motion?
Movement that occurs in a circular path Movement of a body or object, attached to a fixed point (axis), around which it moves in a circular path
122
How does the body move in terms of angular (rotary) motion?
The orientation of the object changes Points located along the object move different distances Points located along the object move at different speeds The points farther from the axis of rotation move faster than the points closest to the axis The direction of motion changes
123
When does angular motion of a skeletal segment occur?
when the force of a muscle contraction is applied to one bone that is attached to another bone at a joint Example: With the humerus fixed and the elbow in extension, contraction of the biceps brachii will cause the forearm to rotate around the axis of the elbow
124
Which is the only way most musculoskeletal segments move?
in Angular Motion
125
What is the potential result of combining angular movements at different joints?
Can result in Linear Movement Example: Walking involves Angular Motion of various joints in the lower extremities and Linear Motion of the whole body
126
What kind of movement is mostly inside the body vs outside the body?
Inside the body is Angular (Rotary) Outside the body tends to be Linear
127
What are the 3 movements during a gait cycle?
rotary motion rectilinear motion curvilinear movement
128
what occurs in rotary motion during the gait cycle?
The hip and knee joints move in a Rotary Motion
129
What occurs in rectilinear motion during the gait cycle?
The entire body moves in a Rectilinear Motion
130
What occurs in curvilinear movement motion during the gait cycle?
The COG of the body moves in a Curvilinear Motion The highest point of the curve occurs during mid-stance (when your swing leg passes directly adjacent to the stance leg) of the limb The lowest point of the curve occurs during heel strike (when you first strike your heel on the ground)
131
How do movements for the knee and hip in the sagittal plane relate to each other?
whatever happens at the knee, happens at the hip
132
How do movements for the shoulder and the elbow in the sagittal plane relate to each other?
whatever happens at the elbow, the opposite happens at the shoulder