Ch. 1 Basic Info Flashcards
What is kinesiology?
The study of movement
What is biomechanics?
The science of internal and external forces acting on living organisms (e.g., human body)
What is kinetics?
The forces acting on the body to:
- Cause Movement
- Resist Movement
- Modify Movement
Name some examples of kinestics?
Muscles
Gravity
Friction
External Resistance
What is kinematics?
A branch of biomechanics that describes the movement of a body without regard to the forces that produce the motion
What are the subdivisions of kinematics?
Based on specific focus of motion:
- Osteokinematics
- Arthrokinematics
What is Osteokinematics?
(what we would typically think of)
The manner in which bones move in space without regard for joint surfaces
Concerned with the movement of the bony segments that make up a joint
Movements of bony segments through their ROM
What is Arthrokinematics?
The manner in which movement occurs within a joint and between joint surfaces
How adjoining joint surfaces move on each other during Osteokinematic joint movement
Which sciences does human movement encompass?
Anatomy
Physiology
Physics
Mechanics
Biomechanics
What does the science of physics deal with?
Matter
Energy
Motion
Force
What is mechanics?
Is a branch of Physics concerned with:
- Force
- Acceleration
- Motion
- Mass
- How these affect a physical body
What are the primary sources of force that affect body movement?
gravity
skeletal muscles
external resistance
friction
What is gravity?
The force that attracts an object toward the center of the earth
How do skeletal muscles produce force on the skeletal system?
Active Contraction
Passive Stretching
What is external resistance?
Anything a muscle must work against to produce motion
What is friction?
The resistance to movement when 2 structures are in contact with each other
What is movement affected by?
Muscle Contraction
Center of Gravity
Muscle Force
External Forces
Internal and External Moment Arms
Joint Structure
Friction
What are the 4 aspects of muscle force?
Point of Force Application
Line of Application
Direction
Magnitude
What does human movement often involve?
Multiple bony segments
Joints connecting bony segments
What is a kinetic chain?
Bony segments and their related joints
Which components of the body work together to produce proper movement?
Bony Segments, Related Joints and Skeletal Muscles
Ex. Reaching forward to grasp a doorknob involves which bony segments, joints, and muscles?
Bony Segments: Of the hand, wrist, forearm, arm, scapula and thorax
Joints: Of the hand, wrist, elbow, shoulder and shoulder girdle
Muscles: Of the upper extremity, scapula and thorax
Are body segments typically used to describe joint motion?
no
How to joints and body segments relate to movement?
Movement occurs at a joint and the body segment goes along for the ride
Example: Flexion occurs at the shoulder (glenohumeral joint), not the arm
What is the anatomical position?
A reference position of the body in a static position
What is anatomical position used to describe?
Movement
Planes of Motion
Structures and Areas of the Body
Describe the anatomical position?
Person: Stands erect
Face and Eyes: facing forward
Head: Is level
Feet: flat on floor and pointed forward
Arms: at sides
Palms: facing forward
What are the positions called when a patient is lying face up and lying face down?
Supine: Lying face up
Prone: Lying face down
What is the position called when a patient is lying on their side?
(right or left) lateral recumbent
What is descriptive terminology?
Specific terms are used to describe the location of a structure and its position relative to other structures
ex. superior, anterior, medial
Define superior and inferior.
Superior: Above other structures, toward the head
Inferior: Below other structures, away from the head
Define anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal).
Anterior (Ventral): Toward the front of the body
Posterior (Dorsal): Toward the back of the body
Define medial and lateral.
Medial: Toward the midline
Lateral: Away from the midline
Define proximal and distal.
Proximal: Nearest to the point of attachment to the trunk
Distal: Farthest from the point of attachment to the trunk
Define superficial (external) and deep (internal).
Superficial (External): Toward or at the body surface
Deep (Internal): Away from the body surface
Define contralateral, ipsilateral, and bilateral
Contralateral: On the other side of the body
Ipsilateral: On same side of the body
Bilateral: Refers to both sides
Define cephalad (cranial) and caudal.
Cephalad (Cranial): Toward or close to the head
Caudal: Pertaining to the tail; directed toward the tail; inferior to or below another structure
When are cephalad and caudal used as descriptive terminology?
generally used to describe positions on a quadruped (a four-legged animal)
When moving from the sternum to the umbilicus, you are moving ____.
inferiorly
The humeral head is located on the _____ end of the humerus.
proximal
The manubrium is located ______ to the xiphoid process.
superior
When moving from the patella to the tarsal region, you are moving _____.
distally
When moving from the sternum to the axilla (in the transverse plane), you are moving ______.
laterally
The elbow is located ______ to the wrist but _____ to the shoulder.
proximal
distal
What are anatomical planes useful when describing?
body movements
How are human movements described?
in 3 dimensions based on a series of planes
What are anatomical planes?
An imaginary surface that passes through the body parts
The planes are perpendicular to each other
Name the anatomical planes.
Sagittal Plane
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
What is the sagittal plane?
Divides the body or an organ into right and left sides
What is the mid-sagittal plane?
Passes directly through the midline of the body or an organ
Cuts the body or an organ into equal sides
includes the midline and parasagittal plane
What is the midline?
Part of the sagittal plane
An imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides
What is the parasagittal plane?
When the Sagittal Plane does not pass through the midline
This plane is parallel to the Mid-Sagittal Plane
Divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides
Where does the sagittal plane axis run?
runs Lateral-Medial (Coronal Plane)
What is the frontal (coronal) plane?
Divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts
Where does the frontal (coronal) plane axis run?
The axis runs Anterior-Posterior (Sagittal Plane)
What is the transverse (horizontal) plaene?
Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior parts
Where does the transverse (horizontal) plane run?
runs Superior-Inferior (Vertically)
What is the axis in relation to motion?
The point around which rotation occurs
What are axes in relation to motion?
Points that run through the center of a joint around which it rotates
How do the body and body segments move?
in planes of motion around axes of motion
Where is the axis or rotation in relation to the anatomical plane?
The Axis of Rotation is perpendicular to the Anatomical Plane
What are the 2 was human body movement is described as occurring?
Along a Plane of Motion
Around that Plane of Motion’s Axis
Describe the X Axis of rotation
Lateral-Medial Axis
Runs side-to-side
Located in the Frontal Plane
Describe the Z Axis of rotation
Anterior-Posterior Axis
Runs front-to-back
Located in the Sagittal Plane
Describe the Y Axis of rotation
Vertical Axis
Runs up-and-down (superior-inferior)
Located in the Transverse Plane
What are the 3 axes around which the 3 planes rotate?
Medial-Lateral Axis (Frontal Plane)
Anterior-Posterior Axis (Sagittal Plane)
Superior-Inferior Axis (Vertical)
What is the line of pull of a muscle?
the direction of force exerted by a muscle
the long axis of the muscle
What does the relationship between the line of pull of a muscle and the axis of rotation of the joint the muscle crosses
determine?
the movement that occurs at the joint
What affects the line of pull of a muscle?
The exact attachment sites on the bony segments
The relative position of the attachments to each other
The distance between the joint’s axis of rotation and the muscle’s attachment on the bone
Types of movement that can occur at the joint the muscle crosses
The side of the joint(s) the muscle crosses
The effect of the position of other joints the muscle crosses
Muscles with a Line of Pull Anterior to the Medial-Lateral Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?
Flexion in the Sagittal Plane
Examples:
- Biceps Brachii
- Anterior Deltoid
Muscles with a Line of Pull Posterior to the Medial-Lateral Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?
Extension in the Sagittal Plane
Examples:
- Triceps Brachii
- Posterior Deltoid
Muscles with a Line of Pull Superior or Lateral to the Anterior-Posterior Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?
Abduction in the Frontal Plane
Example: Middle Deltoid
Muscles with a Line of Pull Inferior or Medial to the Anterior-Posterior Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?
Adduction in the Frontal Plane
Example: Latissimus Dorsi
Muscles with a Line of Pull Anterior to the Superior-Inferior Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?
Internal rotation in the Transverse Plane
Example: Subscapularis
Muscles with a Line of Pull Posterior to the Superior-Inferior Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?
External rotation in the Transverse Plane
Example: Infraspinatus
In what plane/axis does Flexion/Extension occur?
In the Sagittal Plane
Around Frontal Axis
In what plane/axis does Abduction/Adduction occur?
In the Frontal Plane
Around Sagittal Axis
In what plane/axis does Rotation occur?
In the Transverse Plane
Around a Superior-Inferior Axis
What is the plane/axis movement exception?
Flexion/Extension and Abduction/Adduction at the thumb (Carpometacarpal Joint)
Define degrees of freedom.
The number of axes (or planes) in which a joint can move
What are the different degrees of freedom possible for a joint?
Uniaxial: Movement along 1 axis (plane)
Biaxial: Movement along 2 axes (planes)
Triaxial: Movement along 3 axes (planes)
What does a greater degree of freedom of a joint lead to?
The greater the Degree of Freedom, the greater the mobility and less stability
What does flexion in the sagittal plane lead to?
Decreases the joint angle
Brings the articulating bones closer together
What does extension in the sagittal plane lead to?
Increases the joint angle
Brings the articulating bones farther apart
What does hyperextension in the sagittal plane lead to?
Extension past the anatomical position (in posterior direction)
What does dorsiflexion in the sagittal plane lead to?
Moving the dorsum (top) of the foot toward the anterior surface of the tibia which decreases the angle at the talocrural (ankle) joint
What does plantar flexion in the sagittal plane lead to?
Moving the dorsum (top) of the foot away from the anterior surface of the tibia increases the angle at the talocrural (ankle) joint
Where does tilt occur in the sagittal plane?
at the pelvis and scapula
What occurs with an anterior pelvic tilt?
The ASIS moves in an anterior and inferior direction
What occurs with a posterior pelvic tilt?
The ASIS moves in a posterior and superior direction
What occurs with an Anterior Tilt of the Scapula?
The Coracoid Process moves in an anterior and inferior direction while the Inferior Angle moves in a posterior and superior direction
What occurs with a Posterior Tilt of the Scapula?
The Coracoid Process moves in a posterior and superior direction while the Inferior Angle moves in an anterior and inferior direction
How is the ASIS aligned horizontally and vertically?
Horizontally aligned with the PSIS
Vertically aligned with the Pubic Symphysis
Which joint movements occur in the frontal (coronal) plane?
abduction/adduction
lateral flexion
inversion/eversion
elevation/depression
shoulder girdle elevation/depression
lateral pelvic tilt
shoulder girdle upward (outward) rotation/shoulder girdle downward (inward) rotation
Define abduction and adduction.
Abduction: Moving a limb away from the midline of the body
Adduction : Moving a limb toward the midline of the body
Define lateral flexion.
Bending the vertebral column to the side
Define inversion and eversion.
Inversion: Turning the plantar surface of the foot toward the midline
Eversion: Turning the plantar surface of the foot away from the midline
Define elevation and depression.
Elevation: Moving a body part superiorly
Depression: Moving an elevated body part inferiorly
Define shoulder girdle elevation and shoulder girdle depression.
Shoulder Girdle Elevation: Moving the scapula and lateral end of the clavicle in a superior direction
Shoulder Girdle Depression: Moving the scapula and lateral end of the clavicle in an inferior direction
Define lateral pelvic tilt.
Moving the ipsilateral iliac crest in either a superior or an inferior direction
Define shoulder girdle upward (outward) rotation and shoulder girdle downward (inward) rotation
Shoulder Girdle Upward (Outward) Rotation: Moving the scapula so that the glenoid cavity faces superiorly
Shoulder Girdle Downward (Inward) Rotation: Moving the scapula so that the glenoid cavity faces inferiorly
Which joint movements occur in the transverse (horizontal) plane?
horizontal adduction (flexion)/horizontal abduction (extension)
protraction/retraction
rotation
Define horizontal adduction (flexion) and horizontal abduction (extension).
Horizontal Adduction (Flexion): Moving the humerus or femur, in the horizontal plane, toward the midline of the body or in the anterior direction
Horizontal Abduction (Extension): Moving the humerus or femur, in the horizontal plane, away from the midline of the body or in the posterior direction
Define protraction and retraction.
Protraction: Moving a part of the body anteriorly in the horizontal plane (Examples: Mandible, Scapulae (protraction or abduction))
Retraction: Moving a part of the body posteriorly in the horizontal plane (Examples: Mandible, Scapulae (retraction or adduction))
Define rotation.
turning a bone along its own long axis
Define right/left rotation.
Turning at your vertebral column
Define Internal/Medial/Inward Rotation.
Moving the anterior surface of a limb toward the midline of the body
Define External/Lateral/Outward Rotation.
Moving the anterior surface of a limb away from the midline of the body
Define supination and pronation.
Supination: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly
Pronation: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly
Name the 4 special movements (multiplanar).
opposition
reposition
circumduction
scaption
Define opposition and where it occurs.
Moving the thumb to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand
A combination of Abduction and Flexion
Occurs at the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Define reposition.
Moving the fingers out of opposition
Define circumduction.
Moving the distal end of a body part in a circle
Is a combination of Flexion, Abduction, Extension and Adduction
Define scaption.
Movement in the plane of the scapula
The Scapular Plane is approximately 30°– 45° anterior to the Frontal Plane
Define motion.
The process of a change in position
What are the 2 ways a body and its segments can move?
Linear Motion: Also known as Translatory Motion
Angular Motion: Also known as Rotary Motion
In linear motion all points on a body or object travel where?
The same Distance
In the same Direction
Along the same path
At the same Time
At the same speed
What are the 2 ways in which linear motion can occur?
Rectilinear Motion
Curvilinear Motion
What is rectilinear motion?
A type of Linear Motion in which motion occurs along a straight line
- All points on a body or object move in a straight line
- The orientation of the object does not change
- All points on the object move the same distance
- The object travels in a straight path; The direction of motion does not change
Example: Sledding down a snow-covered hill in a straight line
What is curvilinear motion?
A type of Linear Motion in which motion occurs along a curved line
- All points on a body or object move in a curved line
- The orientation of the object changes
- All points on the object move the same distance
- The object travels in a curved path; The direction of motion does not change
Example: A skier zigzagging down a hill
What is angular (rotary) motion?
Movement that occurs in a circular path
Movement of a body or object, attached to a fixed point (axis), around which it moves in a circular path
How does the body move in terms of angular (rotary) motion?
The orientation of the object changes
Points located along the object move different distances
Points located along the object move at different speeds
The points farther from the axis of rotation move faster than the points closest to the axis
The direction of motion changes
When does angular motion of a skeletal segment occur?
when the force of a muscle contraction is applied to one bone that is attached to another bone at a joint
Example: With the humerus fixed and the elbow in extension, contraction of the biceps brachii will cause the forearm to rotate around the axis of the elbow
Which is the only way most musculoskeletal segments move?
in Angular Motion
What is the potential result of combining angular movements at different joints?
Can result in Linear Movement
Example: Walking involves Angular Motion of various joints in the lower extremities and Linear Motion of the whole body
What kind of movement is mostly inside the body vs outside the body?
Inside the body is Angular (Rotary)
Outside the body tends to be Linear
What are the 3 movements during a gait cycle?
rotary motion
rectilinear motion
curvilinear movement
what occurs in rotary motion during the gait cycle?
The hip and knee joints move in a Rotary Motion
What occurs in rectilinear motion during the gait cycle?
The entire body moves in a Rectilinear Motion
What occurs in curvilinear movement motion during the gait cycle?
The COG of the body moves in a Curvilinear Motion
The highest point of the curve occurs during mid-stance (when your swing leg passes directly adjacent to the stance leg) of the limb
The lowest point of the curve occurs during heel strike (when you first strike your heel on the ground)
How do movements for the knee and hip in the sagittal plane relate to each other?
whatever happens at the knee, happens at the hip
How do movements for the shoulder and the elbow in the sagittal plane relate to each other?
whatever happens at the elbow, the opposite happens at the shoulder
