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Kinesiology Lecture > Ch. 1 Basic Info > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Basic Info Flashcards

1
Q

What is kinesiology?

A

The study of movement

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2
Q

What is biomechanics?

A

The science of internal and external forces acting on living organisms (e.g., human body)

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3
Q

What is kinetics?

A

The forces acting on the body to:

  • Cause Movement
  • Resist Movement
  • Modify Movement
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4
Q

Name some examples of kinestics?

A

Muscles

Gravity

Friction

External Resistance

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5
Q

What is kinematics?

A

A branch of biomechanics that describes the movement of a body without regard to the forces that produce the motion

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6
Q

What are the subdivisions of kinematics?

A

Based on specific focus of motion:

  • Osteokinematics
  • Arthrokinematics
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7
Q

What is Osteokinematics?

A

(what we would typically think of)

The manner in which bones move in space without regard for joint surfaces

Concerned with the movement of the bony segments that make up a joint

Movements of bony segments through their ROM

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8
Q

What is Arthrokinematics?

A

The manner in which movement occurs within a joint and between joint surfaces

How adjoining joint surfaces move on each other during Osteokinematic joint movement

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9
Q

Which sciences does human movement encompass?

A

Anatomy

Physiology

Physics

Mechanics

Biomechanics

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10
Q

What does the science of physics deal with?

A

Matter

Energy

Motion

Force

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11
Q

What is mechanics?

A

Is a branch of Physics concerned with:

  • Force
  • Acceleration
  • Motion
  • Mass
  • How these affect a physical body
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12
Q

What are the primary sources of force that affect body movement?

A

gravity

skeletal muscles

external resistance

friction

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13
Q

What is gravity?

A

The force that attracts an object toward the center of the earth

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14
Q

How do skeletal muscles produce force on the skeletal system?

A

Active Contraction

Passive Stretching

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15
Q

What is external resistance?

A

Anything a muscle must work against to produce motion

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16
Q

What is friction?

A

The resistance to movement when 2 structures are in contact with each other

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17
Q

What is movement affected by?

A

Muscle Contraction

Center of Gravity

Muscle Force

External Forces

Internal and External Moment Arms

Joint Structure

Friction

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18
Q

What are the 4 aspects of muscle force?

A

Point of Force Application

Line of Application

Direction

Magnitude

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19
Q

What does human movement often involve?

A

Multiple bony segments

Joints connecting bony segments

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20
Q

What is a kinetic chain?

A

Bony segments and their related joints

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21
Q

Which components of the body work together to produce proper movement?

A

Bony Segments, Related Joints and Skeletal Muscles

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22
Q

Ex. Reaching forward to grasp a doorknob involves which bony segments, joints, and muscles?

A

Bony Segments: Of the hand, wrist, forearm, arm, scapula and thorax

Joints: Of the hand, wrist, elbow, shoulder and shoulder girdle

Muscles: Of the upper extremity, scapula and thorax

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23
Q

Are body segments typically used to describe joint motion?

A

no

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24
Q

How to joints and body segments relate to movement?

A

Movement occurs at a joint and the body segment goes along for the ride

Example: Flexion occurs at the shoulder (glenohumeral joint), not the arm

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25
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

A reference position of the body in a static position

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26
Q

What is anatomical position used to describe?

A

Movement

Planes of Motion

Structures and Areas of the Body

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27
Q

Describe the anatomical position?

A

Person: Stands erect

Face and Eyes: facing forward

Head: Is level

Feet: flat on floor and pointed forward

Arms: at sides

Palms: facing forward

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28
Q

What are the positions called when a patient is lying face up and lying face down?

A

Supine: Lying face up

Prone: Lying face down

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29
Q

What is the position called when a patient is lying on their side?

A

(right or left) lateral recumbent

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30
Q

What is descriptive terminology?

A

Specific terms are used to describe the location of a structure and its position relative to other structures

ex. superior, anterior, medial

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31
Q

Define superior and inferior.

A

Superior: Above other structures, toward the head

Inferior: Below other structures, away from the head

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32
Q

Define anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal).

A

Anterior (Ventral): Toward the front of the body

Posterior (Dorsal): Toward the back of the body

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33
Q

Define medial and lateral.

A

Medial: Toward the midline

Lateral: Away from the midline

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34
Q

Define proximal and distal.

A

Proximal: Nearest to the point of attachment to the trunk

Distal: Farthest from the point of attachment to the trunk

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35
Q

Define superficial (external) and deep (internal).

A

Superficial (External): Toward or at the body surface

Deep (Internal): Away from the body surface

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36
Q

Define contralateral, ipsilateral, and bilateral

A

Contralateral: On the other side of the body

Ipsilateral: On same side of the body

Bilateral: Refers to both sides

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37
Q

Define cephalad (cranial) and caudal.

A

Cephalad (Cranial): Toward or close to the head

Caudal: Pertaining to the tail; directed toward the tail; inferior to or below another structure

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38
Q

When are cephalad and caudal used as descriptive terminology?

A

generally used to describe positions on a quadruped (a four-legged animal)

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39
Q

When moving from the sternum to the umbilicus, you are moving ____.

A

inferiorly

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40
Q

The humeral head is located on the _____ end of the humerus.

A

proximal

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41
Q

The manubrium is located ______ to the xiphoid process.

A

superior

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42
Q

When moving from the patella to the tarsal region, you are moving _____.

A

distally

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43
Q

When moving from the sternum to the axilla (in the transverse plane), you are moving ______.

A

laterally

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44
Q

The elbow is located ______ to the wrist but _____ to the shoulder.

A

proximal

distal

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45
Q

What are anatomical planes useful when describing?

A

body movements

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46
Q

How are human movements described?

A

in 3 dimensions based on a series of planes

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47
Q

What are anatomical planes?

A

An imaginary surface that passes through the body parts

The planes are perpendicular to each other

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48
Q

Name the anatomical planes.

A

Sagittal Plane

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

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49
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Divides the body or an organ into right and left sides

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50
Q

What is the mid-sagittal plane?

A

Passes directly through the midline of the body or an organ

Cuts the body or an organ into equal sides

includes the midline and parasagittal plane

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51
Q

What is the midline?

A

Part of the sagittal plane

An imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides

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52
Q

What is the parasagittal plane?

A

When the Sagittal Plane does not pass through the midline

This plane is parallel to the Mid-Sagittal Plane

Divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides

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53
Q

Where does the sagittal plane axis run?

A

runs Lateral-Medial (Coronal Plane)

54
Q

What is the frontal (coronal) plane?

A

Divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts

55
Q

Where does the frontal (coronal) plane axis run?

A

The axis runs Anterior-Posterior (Sagittal Plane)

56
Q

What is the transverse (horizontal) plaene?

A

Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior parts

57
Q

Where does the transverse (horizontal) plane run?

A

runs Superior-Inferior (Vertically)

58
Q

What is the axis in relation to motion?

A

The point around which rotation occurs

59
Q

What are axes in relation to motion?

A

Points that run through the center of a joint around which it rotates

60
Q

How do the body and body segments move?

A

in planes of motion around axes of motion

61
Q

Where is the axis or rotation in relation to the anatomical plane?

A

The Axis of Rotation is perpendicular to the Anatomical Plane

62
Q

What are the 2 was human body movement is described as occurring?

A

Along a Plane of Motion

Around that Plane of Motion’s Axis

63
Q

Describe the X Axis of rotation

A

Lateral-Medial Axis

Runs side-to-side

Located in the Frontal Plane

64
Q

Describe the Z Axis of rotation

A

Anterior-Posterior Axis

Runs front-to-back

Located in the Sagittal Plane

65
Q

Describe the Y Axis of rotation

A

Vertical Axis

Runs up-and-down (superior-inferior)

Located in the Transverse Plane

66
Q

What are the 3 axes around which the 3 planes rotate?

A

Medial-Lateral Axis (Frontal Plane)

Anterior-Posterior Axis (Sagittal Plane)

Superior-Inferior Axis (Vertical)

67
Q

What is the line of pull of a muscle?

A

the direction of force exerted by a muscle

the long axis of the muscle

68
Q

What does the relationship between the line of pull of a muscle and the axis of rotation of the joint the muscle crosses
determine?

A

the movement that occurs at the joint

69
Q

What affects the line of pull of a muscle?

A

The exact attachment sites on the bony segments

The relative position of the attachments to each other

The distance between the joint’s axis of rotation and the muscle’s attachment on the bone

Types of movement that can occur at the joint the muscle crosses

The side of the joint(s) the muscle crosses

The effect of the position of other joints the muscle crosses

70
Q

Muscles with a Line of Pull Anterior to the Medial-Lateral Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?

A

Flexion in the Sagittal Plane

Examples:

  • Biceps Brachii
  • Anterior Deltoid
71
Q

Muscles with a Line of Pull Posterior to the Medial-Lateral Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?

A

Extension in the Sagittal Plane

Examples:

  • Triceps Brachii
  • Posterior Deltoid
72
Q

Muscles with a Line of Pull Superior or Lateral to the Anterior-Posterior Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?

A

Abduction in the Frontal Plane

Example: Middle Deltoid

73
Q

Muscles with a Line of Pull Inferior or Medial to the Anterior-Posterior Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?

A

Adduction in the Frontal Plane

Example: Latissimus Dorsi

74
Q

Muscles with a Line of Pull Anterior to the Superior-Inferior Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?

A

Internal rotation in the Transverse Plane

Example: Subscapularis

75
Q

Muscles with a Line of Pull Posterior to the Superior-Inferior Axis of Rotation of a joint will produce what motion?

A

External rotation in the Transverse Plane

Example: Infraspinatus

76
Q

In what plane/axis does Flexion/Extension occur?

A

In the Sagittal Plane

Around Frontal Axis

77
Q

In what plane/axis does Abduction/Adduction occur?

A

In the Frontal Plane

Around Sagittal Axis

78
Q

In what plane/axis does Rotation occur?

A

In the Transverse Plane

Around a Superior-Inferior Axis

79
Q

What is the plane/axis movement exception?

A

Flexion/Extension and Abduction/Adduction at the thumb (Carpometacarpal Joint)

80
Q

Define degrees of freedom.

A

The number of axes (or planes) in which a joint can move

81
Q

What are the different degrees of freedom possible for a joint?

A

Uniaxial: Movement along 1 axis (plane)

Biaxial: Movement along 2 axes (planes)

Triaxial: Movement along 3 axes (planes)

82
Q

What does a greater degree of freedom of a joint lead to?

A

The greater the Degree of Freedom, the greater the mobility and less stability

83
Q

What does flexion in the sagittal plane lead to?

A

Decreases the joint angle

Brings the articulating bones closer together

84
Q

What does extension in the sagittal plane lead to?

A

Increases the joint angle

Brings the articulating bones farther apart

85
Q

What does hyperextension in the sagittal plane lead to?

A

Extension past the anatomical position (in posterior direction)

86
Q

What does dorsiflexion in the sagittal plane lead to?

A

Moving the dorsum (top) of the foot toward the anterior surface of the tibia which decreases the angle at the talocrural (ankle) joint

87
Q

What does plantar flexion in the sagittal plane lead to?

A

Moving the dorsum (top) of the foot away from the anterior surface of the tibia increases the angle at the talocrural (ankle) joint

88
Q

Where does tilt occur in the sagittal plane?

A

at the pelvis and scapula

89
Q

What occurs with an anterior pelvic tilt?

A

The ASIS moves in an anterior and inferior direction

90
Q

What occurs with a posterior pelvic tilt?

A

The ASIS moves in a posterior and superior direction

91
Q

What occurs with an Anterior Tilt of the Scapula?

A

The Coracoid Process moves in an anterior and inferior direction while the Inferior Angle moves in a posterior and superior direction

92
Q

What occurs with a Posterior Tilt of the Scapula?

A

The Coracoid Process moves in a posterior and superior direction while the Inferior Angle moves in an anterior and inferior direction

93
Q

How is the ASIS aligned horizontally and vertically?

A

Horizontally aligned with the PSIS

Vertically aligned with the Pubic Symphysis

94
Q

Which joint movements occur in the frontal (coronal) plane?

A

abduction/adduction

lateral flexion

inversion/eversion

elevation/depression

shoulder girdle elevation/depression

lateral pelvic tilt

shoulder girdle upward (outward) rotation/shoulder girdle downward (inward) rotation

95
Q

Define abduction and adduction.

A

Abduction: Moving a limb away from the midline of the body

Adduction : Moving a limb toward the midline of the body

96
Q

Define lateral flexion.

A

Bending the vertebral column to the side

97
Q

Define inversion and eversion.

A

Inversion: Turning the plantar surface of the foot toward the midline

Eversion: Turning the plantar surface of the foot away from the midline

98
Q

Define elevation and depression.

A

Elevation: Moving a body part superiorly

Depression: Moving an elevated body part inferiorly

99
Q

Define shoulder girdle elevation and shoulder girdle depression.

A

Shoulder Girdle Elevation: Moving the scapula and lateral end of the clavicle in a superior direction

Shoulder Girdle Depression: Moving the scapula and lateral end of the clavicle in an inferior direction

100
Q

Define lateral pelvic tilt.

A

Moving the ipsilateral iliac crest in either a superior or an inferior direction

101
Q

Define shoulder girdle upward (outward) rotation and shoulder girdle downward (inward) rotation

A

Shoulder Girdle Upward (Outward) Rotation: Moving the scapula so that the glenoid cavity faces superiorly

Shoulder Girdle Downward (Inward) Rotation: Moving the scapula so that the glenoid cavity faces inferiorly

102
Q

Which joint movements occur in the transverse (horizontal) plane?

A

horizontal adduction (flexion)/horizontal abduction (extension)

protraction/retraction

rotation

103
Q

Define horizontal adduction (flexion) and horizontal abduction (extension).

A

Horizontal Adduction (Flexion): Moving the humerus or femur, in the horizontal plane, toward the midline of the body or in the anterior direction

Horizontal Abduction (Extension): Moving the humerus or femur, in the horizontal plane, away from the midline of the body or in the posterior direction

104
Q

Define protraction and retraction.

A

Protraction: Moving a part of the body anteriorly in the horizontal plane (Examples: Mandible, Scapulae (protraction or abduction))

Retraction: Moving a part of the body posteriorly in the horizontal plane (Examples: Mandible, Scapulae (retraction or adduction))

105
Q

Define rotation.

A

turning a bone along its own long axis

106
Q

Define right/left rotation.

A

Turning at your vertebral column

107
Q

Define Internal/Medial/Inward Rotation.

A

Moving the anterior surface of a limb toward the midline of the body

108
Q

Define External/Lateral/Outward Rotation.

A

Moving the anterior surface of a limb away from the midline of the body

109
Q

Define supination and pronation.

A

Supination: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly

Pronation: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly

110
Q

Name the 4 special movements (multiplanar).

A

opposition

reposition

circumduction

scaption

111
Q

Define opposition and where it occurs.

A

Moving the thumb to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand

A combination of Abduction and Flexion

Occurs at the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

112
Q

Define reposition.

A

Moving the fingers out of opposition

113
Q

Define circumduction.

A

Moving the distal end of a body part in a circle

Is a combination of Flexion, Abduction, Extension and Adduction

114
Q

Define scaption.

A

Movement in the plane of the scapula

The Scapular Plane is approximately 30°– 45° anterior to the Frontal Plane

115
Q

Define motion.

A

The process of a change in position

116
Q

What are the 2 ways a body and its segments can move?

A

Linear Motion: Also known as Translatory Motion

Angular Motion: Also known as Rotary Motion

117
Q

In linear motion all points on a body or object travel where?

A

The same Distance

In the same Direction

Along the same path

At the same Time

At the same speed

118
Q

What are the 2 ways in which linear motion can occur?

A

Rectilinear Motion

Curvilinear Motion

119
Q

What is rectilinear motion?

A

A type of Linear Motion in which motion occurs along a straight line

  • All points on a body or object move in a straight line
  • The orientation of the object does not change
  • All points on the object move the same distance
  • The object travels in a straight path; The direction of motion does not change

Example: Sledding down a snow-covered hill in a straight line

120
Q

What is curvilinear motion?

A

A type of Linear Motion in which motion occurs along a curved line

  • All points on a body or object move in a curved line
  • The orientation of the object changes
  • All points on the object move the same distance
  • The object travels in a curved path; The direction of motion does not change

Example: A skier zigzagging down a hill

121
Q

What is angular (rotary) motion?

A

Movement that occurs in a circular path

Movement of a body or object, attached to a fixed point (axis), around which it moves in a circular path

122
Q

How does the body move in terms of angular (rotary) motion?

A

The orientation of the object changes

Points located along the object move different distances

Points located along the object move at different speeds

The points farther from the axis of rotation move faster than the points closest to the axis

The direction of motion changes

123
Q

When does angular motion of a skeletal segment occur?

A

when the force of a muscle contraction is applied to one bone that is attached to another bone at a joint

Example: With the humerus fixed and the elbow in extension, contraction of the biceps brachii will cause the forearm to rotate around the axis of the elbow

124
Q

Which is the only way most musculoskeletal segments move?

A

in Angular Motion

125
Q

What is the potential result of combining angular movements at different joints?

A

Can result in Linear Movement

Example: Walking involves Angular Motion of various joints in the lower extremities and Linear Motion of the whole body

126
Q

What kind of movement is mostly inside the body vs outside the body?

A

Inside the body is Angular (Rotary)

Outside the body tends to be Linear

127
Q

What are the 3 movements during a gait cycle?

A

rotary motion

rectilinear motion

curvilinear movement

128
Q

what occurs in rotary motion during the gait cycle?

A

The hip and knee joints move in a Rotary Motion

129
Q

What occurs in rectilinear motion during the gait cycle?

A

The entire body moves in a Rectilinear Motion

130
Q

What occurs in curvilinear movement motion during the gait cycle?

A

The COG of the body moves in a Curvilinear Motion

The highest point of the curve occurs during mid-stance (when your swing leg passes directly adjacent to the stance leg) of the limb

The lowest point of the curve occurs during heel strike (when you first strike your heel on the ground)

131
Q

How do movements for the knee and hip in the sagittal plane relate to each other?

A

whatever happens at the knee, happens at the hip

132
Q

How do movements for the shoulder and the elbow in the sagittal plane relate to each other?

A

whatever happens at the elbow, the opposite happens at the shoulder

Kinesiology Lecture (3 decks)

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