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Pharm exam 1 > ch 2 > Flashcards

ch 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is pharmacology

A

study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

-actions and effects on body

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2
Q

what is a drug

A

any chemical that affects living processes

maintains homeostasis

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3
Q

what are sources of drugs

A

natural
synthetic
semisynthetic

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4
Q 
A nurse read "take one multivitamin qod" the nurse will
A. administer 1 daily
B. administer 1 every other day
C. call prescriber to verify
D. refuse to give an document
A

C

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5
Q

What are the 3 phases taken by mouth

A

pharmaceutic
pharmacodynamic
pharmacokinetic

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6
Q

what is pharmaceutic

A

disintegration and dissolutions— in order for drub to be absorbed should be in solution form

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7
Q

what is pharmacokinetic

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (moves to target center)

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8
Q

what is pharmacodynamics

A

brings boy back to homeostasis

-receptor family, blood flow, BBB, protein binding

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9
Q

what is a drug complex

A

drug + protein
bind to protein= inactive drug
free drug= pharmacology action

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10
Q

what % is a highly bond drug

A

90

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11
Q

what % is a low protein bound drug

A

10

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12
Q

routes of drug delivery

  • enteral
  • parenteral
A

enteral is the GI tract

parenteral is anything but the GI tract and 100% of drug goes to target site

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13
Q

what is the pharmaceutical phase

A

a solid drug (tablet) has to disintegrate before it can be absorbed

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14
Q

The process where a solid (tablet) goes into solution is known as

A

dissolution

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15
Q

ALL drugs must be in _________ to cross biologic membranes

A

solution

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16
Q

Do all drugs go through pharmaceutical phase

A

no, Liquids, IM, IV, SubQ do not

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17
Q

what is the difference between Active and inactive ingredients

A

Active: substance that causes the pharmaceutical response in your body

Inactive: added ingredients needed to administer the drug.

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18
Q

Fillers and inert substance (shape and size aids in dissolution) are known as

A

excipients

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19
Q

what are ions as additives

A

potasssium and sodium

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20
Q

Penicillin G is poorly absorbed by the stomach due to the presence of the gastric acid, what would increase penicillin absorbability?

A

additives in drugs such as the ions, Pencilin potassium and sodium increase the absorbability of the drug

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21
Q

what is the amount of time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available for the body to absorb it

A

rate of dissolution

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22
Q

Drugs are absorbed and disintegrated faster in ____ fluids

A

acidic with PH 1-2 rather than alkaline fluids

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23
Q

Why do infants and elderly have slower drug absorption in stomach

A

stomach is not as acidic, it is more alkaline

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24
Q

what allows a drug to dissolve only in an alkaline environment such as the small intestine and an example

A

enteric coating

ex: aspirin

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25
Q

what allows drugs to be released slowly over time, rather than quickly and example

A

sustained releaser drugs

ex: tolteroidine tartrate

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26
Q

what is CD

A

controlled delivery

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27
Q

what is CR

A

controlled release

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28
Q

what is ER

A

extended release

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29
Q

what is LA

A

long acting

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30
Q

which drugs should not be crushed

A

enteric coated
capsules
sustained release

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31
Q

what happens if enteric coated,capsules, sustained release happened to be crushed

A

will alter the place and time of abqostiopin of the drug

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32
Q

what is the pharmacokinetic phase

A 
The movement, what does the body do to the drug 
absorption
distribituion
metabolism
excretion
33
Q

what is the absorption phase

A

movement of a drug particles from GI tract to body fluids

drugs enter the blood stream from the mucosal lining of the small intestine

34
Q

what are the 3 processes of absorption through the mucsoal linign

A

active, passive, and pinocytosis

35
Q

what is passive transport

A

diffusion-no effort needed and fascinated diffusion- a carrier needed (enzyme or protein)
high to low concentration,

36
Q

what is active transport

A

carrier (protein or enzyme)
ATP (energy)
against gradient low to high

37
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

take pinch of cell

38
Q

what are the group of enzymes in the liver

A

CYP450 -cytochrome

39
Q

Do lipid soluble pass easily in GI membrane

A

yes because it is mainly composed of lipid and protein

40
Q

do water soluble pass easily in GI membrane

A

no they need a carrier

enzyme or protein

41
Q

what characteristic features require a drug to be absorbed faster

A

lipid solube and nonionzed

42
Q

what is the first pass effect

A

oral drugs do not go directly into the systemic circulation

passes straight to liver

43
Q

what is the % of the admitted drug that reaches the systemic circulation

A

bioavailability

44
Q

what are the actors that affects bioavailability

A

drug form, route, GI motility, food and liver dysfunction

45
Q

what is the process of moving the drug from the blood stream to site of action

A

distribution

46
Q

what are some highly protein bound drugs

A

warfarin- blood thinner
ibuprofen- pain reliever
furosemide- diuretic
diazepam- sedative

47
Q

what are some low protein bound drugs

A

gentamicin- antibiotics
metformin- anti diabetic medication
metoprolol- beta blocker
lisinopril- ACE inhibitor

48
Q

what does can cross the BBB

A

highly lipid soluble

49
Q

the use of many drugs has resulted in _____ effects on the developing fetus

A

teratogenic

50
Q

what is the primary site for metabolism

A

liver

51
Q

what are the metabolizing enzymes in the liver known as

A

CYP450

52
Q

what is the time it takes for one half of the rug concentration to be eliminated

A

half life

53
Q

what affects half life of a drug

A

metabolism and elimination

54
Q

what is an example of a short half life drug

A

ibuprofen (2 hrs) 3 to 4 times a day

55
Q

what is an example of a long half life drug

A

digoxin (36 hrs) once a day

56
Q

what is the main route for excretion

A

kidneys

57
Q

what are other routes for excretion

A

feces, lungs, saliva, sweat, breast milk

58
Q

what does acidic urine do

A

promotes excretion of weak base drugs like morphine

59
Q

what does alkaline urine do

A

promotes excretion of weak acid drugs like aspirin

60
Q

what is used to estimate the renal function rate

A

BUN and creatinine

61
Q

a drug with a ______ has a high safety margin and is relatively safe, the lethal dose is greatly in excess of the therapeutic dose

A

wide therapeutic index

62
Q

a drug with a ________ is more dangerous for the patient because small increases over normal does may induce toxic reactions

A

narrow therapeutic index

63
Q

what is the time it takes after the drug is administer to reach a concentration that produces a response

A

onset of drug action

64
Q

what is the time during which the drug is present in a concentration large enough to produce a response

A

duration of action

65
Q

what is the time it takes for the drug to reach its highest effect action

A

peak effect

66
Q

what is the difference between peak and trough level

A

peak- highest plasma concentration of drug

trough- measured before a drug is given, once suffice drug is eliminated, this is the lowest point of drug concentration

67
Q

what are the 4 receptor families

A

cell membrane embedded enzymes
ligand gated ion channels
G-protein coupole receptor
transcription factors

68
Q

what is the drug that has the ability to produce a desired therapeutic effect when bound to the receptor

A

agonists

69
Q

what is the drug that bind well to the receptor but produce no receptor response

A

antagonists

70
Q

what are nonspecific drug effect

A

one drug
one receptor
multiple responses

71
Q

what are nonselective drug effects

A

one drug
multiple receptors
multiple response

72
Q

what is a large initial dose achieved minimum effective concentration within a short period of time

A

loading dose

73
Q

what is drug tolerance to a frequently repeated administration of a certain drug

A

tachyphylaxis

74
Q

what is a psychological benefit from a compound that may not ave the chemical structure of a drug effect

A

placebo effect

75
Q

what are drugs that promote induction of enzyme

A

enzyme inducers and you end up with less drugs

76
Q

what examples of enzyme inducers

A

phenobarbital
carbazmazepine
rifampin

77
Q

what are enzyme inhibitors

A

you end up with more drugs

78
Q

what is the combined effect of a group of drugs when they are working together which boost each others effect

A

synergism drug effect

79
Q

what is one drug counteracts or reduces the effect of another drug when taken togethr

A

antagonism

Pharm exam 1 (4 decks)

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