ch 2 Flashcards
what is pharmacology
study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
-actions and effects on body
what is a drug
any chemical that affects living processes
maintains homeostasis
what are sources of drugs
natural
synthetic
semisynthetic
A nurse read "take one multivitamin qod" the nurse will A. administer 1 daily B. administer 1 every other day C. call prescriber to verify D. refuse to give an document
C
What are the 3 phases taken by mouth
pharmaceutic
pharmacodynamic
pharmacokinetic
what is pharmaceutic
disintegration and dissolutions— in order for drub to be absorbed should be in solution form
what is pharmacokinetic
absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (moves to target center)
what is pharmacodynamics
brings boy back to homeostasis
-receptor family, blood flow, BBB, protein binding
what is a drug complex
drug + protein
bind to protein= inactive drug
free drug= pharmacology action
what % is a highly bond drug
90
what % is a low protein bound drug
10
routes of drug delivery
- enteral
- parenteral
enteral is the GI tract
parenteral is anything but the GI tract and 100% of drug goes to target site
what is the pharmaceutical phase
a solid drug (tablet) has to disintegrate before it can be absorbed
The process where a solid (tablet) goes into solution is known as
dissolution
ALL drugs must be in _________ to cross biologic membranes
solution
Do all drugs go through pharmaceutical phase
no, Liquids, IM, IV, SubQ do not
what is the difference between Active and inactive ingredients
Active: substance that causes the pharmaceutical response in your body
Inactive: added ingredients needed to administer the drug.
Fillers and inert substance (shape and size aids in dissolution) are known as
excipients
what are ions as additives
potasssium and sodium
Penicillin G is poorly absorbed by the stomach due to the presence of the gastric acid, what would increase penicillin absorbability?
additives in drugs such as the ions, Pencilin potassium and sodium increase the absorbability of the drug
what is the amount of time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available for the body to absorb it
rate of dissolution
Drugs are absorbed and disintegrated faster in ____ fluids
acidic with PH 1-2 rather than alkaline fluids
Why do infants and elderly have slower drug absorption in stomach
stomach is not as acidic, it is more alkaline
what allows a drug to dissolve only in an alkaline environment such as the small intestine and an example
enteric coating
ex: aspirin
what allows drugs to be released slowly over time, rather than quickly and example
sustained releaser drugs
ex: tolteroidine tartrate
what is CD
controlled delivery
what is CR
controlled release
what is ER
extended release
what is LA
long acting
which drugs should not be crushed
enteric coated
capsules
sustained release
what happens if enteric coated,capsules, sustained release happened to be crushed
will alter the place and time of abqostiopin of the drug
what is the pharmacokinetic phase
The movement, what does the body do to the drug absorption distribituion metabolism excretion
what is the absorption phase
movement of a drug particles from GI tract to body fluids
drugs enter the blood stream from the mucosal lining of the small intestine
what are the 3 processes of absorption through the mucsoal linign
active, passive, and pinocytosis
what is passive transport
diffusion-no effort needed and fascinated diffusion- a carrier needed (enzyme or protein)
high to low concentration,
what is active transport
carrier (protein or enzyme)
ATP (energy)
against gradient low to high
what is pinocytosis
take pinch of cell
what are the group of enzymes in the liver
CYP450 -cytochrome
Do lipid soluble pass easily in GI membrane
yes because it is mainly composed of lipid and protein
do water soluble pass easily in GI membrane
no they need a carrier
enzyme or protein
what characteristic features require a drug to be absorbed faster
lipid solube and nonionzed
what is the first pass effect
oral drugs do not go directly into the systemic circulation
passes straight to liver
what is the % of the admitted drug that reaches the systemic circulation
bioavailability
what are the actors that affects bioavailability
drug form, route, GI motility, food and liver dysfunction
what is the process of moving the drug from the blood stream to site of action
distribution
what are some highly protein bound drugs
warfarin- blood thinner
ibuprofen- pain reliever
furosemide- diuretic
diazepam- sedative
what are some low protein bound drugs
gentamicin- antibiotics
metformin- anti diabetic medication
metoprolol- beta blocker
lisinopril- ACE inhibitor
what does can cross the BBB
highly lipid soluble
the use of many drugs has resulted in _____ effects on the developing fetus
teratogenic
what is the primary site for metabolism
liver
what are the metabolizing enzymes in the liver known as
CYP450
what is the time it takes for one half of the rug concentration to be eliminated
half life
what affects half life of a drug
metabolism and elimination
what is an example of a short half life drug
ibuprofen (2 hrs) 3 to 4 times a day
what is an example of a long half life drug
digoxin (36 hrs) once a day
what is the main route for excretion
kidneys
what are other routes for excretion
feces, lungs, saliva, sweat, breast milk
what does acidic urine do
promotes excretion of weak base drugs like morphine
what does alkaline urine do
promotes excretion of weak acid drugs like aspirin
what is used to estimate the renal function rate
BUN and creatinine
a drug with a ______ has a high safety margin and is relatively safe, the lethal dose is greatly in excess of the therapeutic dose
wide therapeutic index
a drug with a ________ is more dangerous for the patient because small increases over normal does may induce toxic reactions
narrow therapeutic index
what is the time it takes after the drug is administer to reach a concentration that produces a response
onset of drug action
what is the time during which the drug is present in a concentration large enough to produce a response
duration of action
what is the time it takes for the drug to reach its highest effect action
peak effect
what is the difference between peak and trough level
peak- highest plasma concentration of drug
trough- measured before a drug is given, once suffice drug is eliminated, this is the lowest point of drug concentration
what are the 4 receptor families
cell membrane embedded enzymes
ligand gated ion channels
G-protein coupole receptor
transcription factors
what is the drug that has the ability to produce a desired therapeutic effect when bound to the receptor
agonists
what is the drug that bind well to the receptor but produce no receptor response
antagonists
what are nonspecific drug effect
one drug
one receptor
multiple responses
what are nonselective drug effects
one drug
multiple receptors
multiple response
what is a large initial dose achieved minimum effective concentration within a short period of time
loading dose
what is drug tolerance to a frequently repeated administration of a certain drug
tachyphylaxis
what is a psychological benefit from a compound that may not ave the chemical structure of a drug effect
placebo effect
what are drugs that promote induction of enzyme
enzyme inducers and you end up with less drugs
what examples of enzyme inducers
phenobarbital
carbazmazepine
rifampin
what are enzyme inhibitors
you end up with more drugs
what is the combined effect of a group of drugs when they are working together which boost each others effect
synergism drug effect
what is one drug counteracts or reduces the effect of another drug when taken togethr
antagonism
