Ch 2 Flashcards
call and response
a pervasive principle of interaction or conversation in jazz: a statement by one musician or group of musicians is immediately answered by another musician or group.
chart
a shorthand musical score that serves as the point of reference for a jazz performance, often specifying only the melody and the harmonic progression; also known as a lead sheet.
harmonic improvisation
a new melodic line created with notes drawn from the underlying harmonic progression; also known as running the changes.
melodic paraphrase
a preexisting melody used as the basis for improvisation.
motive
a short melodic or rhythmic idea.
pedal point
a passage in which the bass note refuses to move, remaining stationary on a single note.
walking bass
a bass line featuring four equal beats per bar, usually used as a rhythmic foundation in jazz.
chorus
(1) a single statement of the harmonic and rhythmic jazz cycle defined by the musical form (e.g, 12-bar blues, 32-bar popular song); (2) the repeated portion of a popular song, often introduced by its verse.
head
a composed section of music that frames a small-combo performance, appearing at the beginning and again at the end.
blues (form)
I I I I - IV IV I I - V V I I I
the text has 3 lines of four bars each as well, usually the text is AAB form
turnaround
a faster, more complex series of chords used in the last two bars of a blues or the last A section of an A A B A form, leading back to the beginning of the chorus.
ride pattern
a steady pulsation played on the ride cymbal that forms one of the foundations for modern jazz.
thirty-two bar popular song
a standard song form, usually divided into shorter sections, such as A A B A (each section eight bars long) or A A′ (each section sixteen bars long).
verse
the introductory portion of a popular song, preceding the chorus; usually omitted by jazz musicians.
bridge
the middle part (or B section) of 32-bar A A B A form, which connects, or “bridges,” between the A sections; it typically ends with a half cadence.
trading fours
in a jam session, “trading” short (usually four-bar) solos back and forth between the drums and the soloists, or between soloists.
voicing
distributing the notes of a chord on a piano, or to different instruments in an arrangement.
harmonic substitution
the substitution of one chord, or a series of chords, for harmonies in a progression.
fill
a short drum solo performed to fill in the spaces in an improvised performance.
modal improvisation
the process of using a scale as the basis for improvisation.
playing outside
improvising outside the structure of a tonal harmonic progression.
