Ch 2 Flashcards
Macro research
The study of collective behavior
Meso research
The study of the interaction of individual and collective behavior
Meta-analysis
Statistical method for combining and analyzing the results from many studies to draw a general conclusion about relationships among variables
Statistical artifacts
Characteristics of a particular study that distorts the observed results. Researchers can correct for artifacts to arrive at a statistic that represent the true relationship between the variables of interest
What are examples of statistical artifacts characteristics?
Examples are small sample size and unreliable measures
Multiple correlation coefficient
Statistic that represents the overall linear association between several variables (cognitive ability, personality, experience) on one hand and a single variable (job performance) on the other hand
Micro research
The study of individual behavior
Science
Approach that involves the understanding, prediction, and control of some phenomenon of interest
Hypothesis
Prediction about relationships among variables of interest
Disinteredness
Characteristic of scientist who should be objective and uninfluenced by bias or prejudice when conducting research
Expert witness
Witness in a lawsuit who is permitted to voice opinions about organizational practices
Research design
Provides the overall structure or architecture for the research study. Allows investigators to conduct scientific research on a phenomenon of interest
Experimental design
Participants are randomly assigned to different conditions
Quasi experimental design
Participants are assigned to different conditions but random assignment to conditions is not possible
Non experimental design
Does not include any treatment or assignment to different conditions
Observational design
The researcher observes employee behavior and systematically records what is observed
Survey design
Research strategy in which participants are asked to complete a questionnaire or survey
Quantative methods
Rely on test, rating scales, questionnaires, and psychological measures and yield numerical results
Qualitative methods
Rely on observations, interviews, case studies, and analysis of diaries or written documents and produce flow diagrams and narrative descriptions of events or processes
Triangulation
Approach in which researchers seek converging information from different sources
Generalize
To apply the results from one study or sample to other participants or situations
Experimental control
Characteristic of research in which possible confounding influences that might make result less reliable or harder to interpret are eliminated, often easier to establish in laboratory studies then and field studies
Statistical control
Using statistical techniques to control for the influence of certain variables. Such control allows researchers to concentrate is actively on the primary relationships of interest.
Descriptive statistic
Statistics that summarize, organize, and describe a sample of data
Measure of central tendency
Statistic that indicates where the center of a distribution is located. Mean median and mode are measures of central tendency
Variability
The extent to which scores in a distribution very
Skew
Where scores in a distribution tend to fall on the left or right side of the distribution
Inferential statistics
Statistics used to aid the researcher in testing hypotheses in making inferences from sample data to a larger sample or population
Statistical significance
Indicates that the probability of the observed statistic is less than the stated significance level adopted by the researcher.
Statistical power
The likelihood of finding a statistically significant difference when a true difference exist
Measurement
Assigning numbers two characteristics of individuals or objects according to rules
Correlation coefficient
Statistic assessing the linear association between two variables. Provides information about magnitude and direction of the relationship
Regression line
Straight line that best fits the scatterplot and describes the relationship between the variables in the graph.
Multiple correlation coefficient
Statistic that represents the overall linear association between several variables.
Reliability
Consistency or stability of a measure
Validity
The accuracy of inferences made based on test or performance data, also addresses whether a measure accurately and completely represents what was intended to be measured
Test retest reliability
The type of reliability calculated by correlating measurements taken at time one with measurement taken at time two.
Equivalent forms reliability
A type of reliability calculated by correlating measurements from a sample of individuals who complete two different forms of the same test
Internal consistency
Form of reliability that assesses how consistently the items have a test measure a single construct. Affected by the number of items in the test and correlation among the test items
Generalizability theory
A sophisticated approach to the question of reliability that simultaneously considers all types of error in reliability estimates.
Predictor
The test chosen or developed to assess attributes( abilities ) identified as important for successful job performance
Criterion
In outcome variable that describes important aspects or demands of the job, the variable that we predict when evaluating the validity of a predictor
Criterion related validity
Validity approach that is demonstrated by correlating a test score with a performance measure. Improves researchers confidence in the inference that people with higher test scores have higher performance.
Validity coefficient
Correlation coefficient between a test score (predictor) and a performance measure (criterion)
Predictive validity design
Criterion related validity design in which there is a time lag between collection of the test data in the criterion data
Concurrent validity design
Criterion related validity design in which there is no time lag between gathering test scores and the performance data
Content related validation design
A design that demonstrates that the content of the selection procedure represents an adequate sample of important work behaviors and activities, and or worker KSAO designed by the job analysis
Construct validity
Validity approach to which investigators gather evidence to support decisions or inferences about psychological constructs, often begins with investigators demonstrating that a test designed to measure a particular construct correlates with other test in the predicted manner
Construct
Psychological concept or characteristic that a predictor is intended to measure, examples are intelligence personality and leadership
What are common areas of concentration for
I/o
Selection and placement Teaming and development Organizational development Performance measurement Quality of work life Engineering psychology
When did the era of infancy occur
Late 19th century through aftermath WWI
When did the era of change in focus occur
1930s- WWII
When did the era of rapid growth occur
WW2- 1960s
When did the era of cognitive revolution occur
1960s to present
Who is wilhelm Wundt
Reaction time and father of experimental psychology
Who is Hugo munsterberg
Published first textbook and studied individual differences by testing ability
Who is cattell
Studied individual differences and intelligence testing in basic for personality
Who is Hollingsworth
Industry and the law. Studied that caffeine is good for you in normal doses. And known for applied research
What is the army alpha
Large group intelligence testing
What is the hawthorn effect
Explanation that subjects know they are being watched so they perform differently
What are three purposes to io
Description, production, and explanation
What is the cycle of research
Deery to data and data to theory.
What are the three measures of central tendency
Mean median and mode
Robust
Resistant to outliers
What is variance
The average of squared deviations from the mean and it doesn’t have an intuitive meaning
What is meta-analysis
The aggression of multiple studies of the same underlying relationship and it provides more conclusive results which means less error
Who is Scott and Bingham
They developed the first group intelligent test used in army
