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Genetics Exam 1 > Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

If a species has a haploid number of 16 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be in a diploid cell from this organism?

A

32

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2
Q

Having two copies of the same genome are said to be

A

diploid

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3
Q

Having one copy of the genome are

A

haploid

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4
Q

Self-renewal of cells

A

Stem cells are diploid cells that divide to give rise to differentiated cells

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5
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough ER: has ribosomes
Smooth ER: no ribosomes
protein synthesis & folding; lipid synthesis

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6
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stacks of membrane-enclosed sacs, sugar made and linked to starches or joined to lipids or proteins; proteins finish folding; secretions stored

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7
Q

Lysosome

A

Sac containing digestive enzymes; degrades debris; recycles cell contents

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8
Q

Mitochondrion

A

2 membranes; inner membrane enzyme-studded; release energy from nutrients

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

porous, double-membrane sac containing DNA; separates DNA within cell

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10
Q

Peroxisome

A

Sac containing enzymes; breaks down and detoxifies various molecules

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11
Q

Ribsome

A

2 associated globular subunits of RNA and protein; scaffold and catalyst for protein synthesis

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12
Q

Vesicle

A

membrane-bounded sac; temporarily stores or transports substances

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13
Q

MNGIE is a rare autosomal recessive human disease characterized by intestinal and ophthalmologic abnormalities. It occurs due to a mutation that leads to inadequate energy production in affected cells.

Which organelle’s function do you predict is affected in MNGIE?

A

Mitochondria

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14
Q

Cutis laxa is a connective tissue disorder. One of the causes is abnormal glycosylation of serum proteins. Glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate such as a sugar to another molecule.

Which organelle do you predict is affected in cutis laxa?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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15
Q

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

A

37 genes, maternal inherited

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16
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

bind ligands that may set into motion a cascade of chemical reactions inside the cell (receptors that extend from plasma membrane)

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17
Q

Signal Transduction

A

molecules form pathways that detect signals from outside the cell and transmit them inward

18
Q

Cellular Adhesion

A

plasma membrane helps cells attach to certain other cells

19
Q

Parts of the plasma membrane

A

selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

  • outside - hydrophilic, touches body fluid
  • inside - hydrophobic, stacked together
  • contains proteins penetrating membrane
  • more cholesterol, membrane more rigid
20
Q

How many phases in cell cycle?

A

4 phases:
Interphase: G1, S, G2,
M

21
Q

Interphase

A

Chromosomes are uncondensed

22
Q

G0

A

a quiet phase, proceed to division, remain specialized, cell death
*most cells stay in G0 phase

23
Q

G1

A

before DNA synthesis begins –> preparing cell for mitosis

  • making of organelles, increase in cell size
24
Q

S phase

A

DNA is replicated

25
Q

G2

A

portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs

26
Q

Chromosomes form in what phase of the cell cycle?

A

mitosis

27
Q

Mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

28
Q

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

A

DNA Damage Checkpoint @ G1
Slow checkpoint @ S phase
DNA Damage Checkpoint @ G2
Apoptosis Checkpoint @ G2 before mitosis (if survivin accumulates, mitosis ensues)
Spindle Assembly Checkpoint @ metaphase & anaphase

29
Q

If survivin accumulates, mitosis will occur at

A

Apoptosis Checkpoint

30
Q

Inhibits cell cycle until DNA can be repaired

A

DNA damage checkpoint

31
Q

Checks if the spindle is built and chromosomes are attached to the spindle

A

Spindle assembly checkpoint

32
Q

Telomeres

A

located @ the ends of chromosomes, the longer they are the younger it is, lose 50-200 endmost bases after each division until the 50th division
*telomerase: sperm, eggs, bone marrow, and cancer cells produce to prevent shortening of telomeres (heterochromatin, repeat)

33
Q

After DNA replication copies of the genome are joined at

A

centromeres

34
Q

Long strands of chromosomal material in replicated chromosomes are called

A

chromatids

35
Q

Centriole microtubules join with other proteins to organize the spindle in structures called

A

centrosomes

36
Q

Chromosome tips are called

A

telomeres

37
Q

Select the sources of human stem cells.

A

embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, adult stem cells (multipotent)

*progenitor cells do not have the capacity of self-renewal

38
Q

Stem cells

A

divide by mitosis, produces 2 daughter cells (stem cell & progenitor cell) which may be partially specialized

stem cells -> other specialized cells (differentiation)

39
Q

A cell that can give rise to every cell type

A

Totipotent

40
Q

A cell that cannot give rise to every cell type but still has a large number of possible fates

A

Pluripotent

41
Q

A cell that has only a few developmental choices

A

Mulitpotent

Genetics Exam 1 (12 decks)

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