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Genetics Exam 1 > Ch. 1 > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetics

A

The study of traits and conditions that are encoded in building block sequences of DNA

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2
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

23andMe

A

studies SNPs (single nucleotide population) + full genome mapping

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4
Q

Genes

A

units of heredity, passed from one generation to the next + composed of DNA

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5
Q

Genome

A

complete set of genetic information

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6
Q

Cell

A

basic unit of life

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7
Q

exome

A

part of the genome that encodes protein

DNA expressed, collection of exones

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8
Q

Genomics

A

compares and analyzes the functions of genomes

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9
Q

bioethics

A

addresses issues and controversies that arise in applying medical technology and using genetic info

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10
Q

Genes

2% of Genomes

A

99.9% DNA identical genes
0.1% gene difference

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11
Q

DNA Components

A

Phosphate, Sugar, Base (ACTG)

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12
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA (replication in nucleus)
transcription (nucleus)
RNA (single strand)
translation (cytoplasm)
protein (traits you show)

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13
Q

From Gene to Protein

What happens in DNA replication?

A

double helix is formed from old one using free DNA bases + 2 daughter cells inherit identical copies of genome during cell division

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14
Q

Transcription/ Gene Expression

A

copies DNA info into messenger RNA

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15
Q

Translation

A

uses info in RNA to assemble amino acids to proteins (phenotype genes)

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16
Q

Transcription factors

A

largest category of the human genome, enzyme that starts transcription, more transcription = more protein= more traits, located in different parts of body to specialize cell functions

17
Q

Human Genome

Coding and regulatory Regions

A

1-2% in genome, affect protein sequence

18
Q

Euchromatin

A

Lightly packed (not crowded), enriched in genes (of the 2% coding genome, 92% of human genome)

19
Q

Heterochromatin

A

tightly packed, enriched in repetitive, non-coding dna (in nuclear membrane)

20
Q

Nucleolus

A

Ribosome biogenesis (translation to RNA, need more ribosome when you need more protein for cells, Sphase: wrap DNA to chromatin)

21
Q

Mutation of Cystic Fibrosis

A

Mutation in CFTR gene, replacement of amino acid glycine with aspartic acid at a specific site, missense mutation

22
Q

What are SNP’s?

A

single nucleotide polymorphisms, 1% of population has a variant then there is SNP

23
Q

The entire sequence of an organism’s genetic material is its

A

genome

24
Q

A __ is a set of biochemical instructions that tell a cell how to manufacture a protein (or RNA molecule).

A

gene

25
Q

Human DNA sequences are grouped among structures called

A

chromosomes

26
Q

A variant form of a gene is called a(n)

A

allele

27
Q

The term __ refers to the underlying instructions for a trait, and the term ___ refers to the visible trait.

A

genotype; phenotype

28
Q

A ___ trait is a trait that is influenced by both genes and the environment.

A

complex trait

29
Q

An inherited trait that is influenced by only one gene is called a___ trait.

A

Mendelian

30
Q

What is the term that describes the DNA sequences for protein-encoding genes?

A

exome

31
Q

You are working in a lab and you treat cells with a drug that inhibits transcription. You wait an hour after treatment and compare the levels of various molecules in cells treated with the drug versus those that weren’t treated. In the cells that were treated, you expect less/fewer:

A

RNA, proteins

32
Q

A child develops a genetic disease that affects neither of his parents. The allele causing this disease is most likely

A

recessive

33
Q

Do women or men live longer?

A

On average, women outlive men by about five years.

73.5 (M) vs. 79.3 (F)

34
Q

What are the top 3 leading causes of death in the U.S.?

A

heart disease, cancer, COVID-19

Genetics Exam 1 (12 decks)

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