CH 2 Flashcards
What is the definition of Matter?
anything that has mass and occupies space
What are the 3 states of matter?
Solid: definite shape and volume
Liquid: definite volume
Gas: neither a definite shape nor volume
What are the 4 major elements in the human body?
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
What is a Proton?
positive charge; occupy the nucleus; 1 AMU
What is a neutron?
no charge/neutral; occupy the nucleus; 1 AMU
What is an Electron?
negative charge; 0 AMU
o How to Fill An Atom’s Electron Shells
Shell 1 holds a max 2 electrons
Shell 2 holds a max 8 electrons
Shell 3 holds a max 18 electrons
What is the atomic number?
number of protons
How do you find the atomic number?
The top left side of the box
What is the mass number?
sum of the number of protons and neutrons
How do you find the mass number from a periodic table?
The bottom of the square
what is an isotope?
atoms that have the same number of protons, but vary in the number of neutrons
What is radioactivity?
process of spontaneous atomic decay of isotopes
What is atomic weight?
the average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes
what is an ion?
an atom that has lost or gained an electron
what is a molecule?
two or more atoms of the same elements combined chemically
what is a compound?
two or more different elements combined chemically
What is a mixture?
combining two or more substances
What is an suspension mixture?
a mixture in which solid particles settle at the bottom if left undisturbed for some time. (Ex: blood)
- large molecules
What is a colloid mixture?
a mixture in which particles floating in a liquid will not settle out of solution (Ex: microbeads in a gel)
- medium molecules
what is a solution mixture?
a mixture of two or more substances in which one dissolves the other (Ex: salt water)
-smallest sized molecules
what is a solvent?
substance that does the dissolving
what is a solute?
substance that gets dissolved
What is a chemical bond?
energy relationships involving interactions of electrons of reacting atoms
What is a covalent bond(strongest bond)?
Sharing of electrons
2 Types:
• Nonpolar Covalent Bond: equal sharing of electrons (Ex: O2)
• Polar Covalent Bond: unequal sharing of electrons (Ex: H2O)
What is an ionic bond?
Transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal, resulting in a salt
Example is the ionic bond resulting in table salt (Na + Cl → NaCl)
Ion: atoms that have lost or gained electrons
• Anion: atom with a negative charge as the result of gaining electrons
• Cation: atom with a positive charge as the result of losing electrons
What is a hydrogen bond(weakest bond)?
Attraction of opposite charges
What is a chemical reaction?
event in which atoms combine or dissociate/break apart from other atoms
What is a reactant?
atoms to the left of a chemical reaction arrow that go into a reaction
What is a product?
atoms to the right of a chemical reaction arrow that comes out of a reaction
What are the 5 types of chemical reactions?
o Synthesis/Anabolic reaction
o Decomposition/Catabolic reaction
o Exchange reaction
o Reversible reaction
o Oxidation-reduction reaction
What is a synthesis/anabolic reaction?
Build large products from smaller reactions
-Also an endergonic reaction)
What is a decomposition/catabolic reaction?
break down large reactant into small products
- an exergonic reaction
what is an exchange reaction?
swapping components
what is a reversible reaction?
go in reverse
what is an oxidation/reduction(redox) reaction?
: transfers electrons between atoms and molecules
Oxidation: loss of electrons
Reduction: gain of electrons
What are 4 Factors that Affect Rates of Chemical Reactions?
o Temperature: ↑/hot = fast; ↓/low = slow
o Concentration of Reactants: ↑ = fast, ↓ = slow
o Particle Size: Big = Slow, Small = Fast
o Catalyst: Present = fast; Absent = slow
What is exergonic mean?
exergonic results in release of energy(give off)
what does endergonic mean?
endergonic results in absorption of energy(use up energy)
What is an acid?
releases H+
proton donator
pH<7
What is a base?
releases OH-
proton acceptor
pH>7
What are buffers?
slows large swings in pH, acts as the opposite of what you intake to maintain balance
what is the pH scale?
scale that measures the concentration of hydrogen ions
• pH scale ranges from 0-14
• pH < 7 = Acid (high H+ concentration)
• pH > 7 = Base (low H+ concentration / High OH- concentration)
• pH = 7 = Neutral/Water
What is an organic compound?
compound that has to contain Carbon bonded to Hydrogen
What is an inorganic compound?
compound that usually lacks Carbon and simple molecules
What is a monomer?
small individual subunits/building blocks
What is a polymer?
large molecules made of many repeating subunits/monomers
What is dehydration synthesis
a type of synthesis reaction in which water is removed to build a polymer; reaction that builds most organic compounds
What is hydrolysis?
a type of decomposition reaction in which water is added to break down a polymer; reaction that breaks down most organic compounds
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
monosaccharides (glucose)
what is the polymer of a carbohydrate?
polysaccharide (glycogen)
what is the monomer of a lipid?
Fatty acids
saturated(single covalent bond) vs. unsaturated(one double covalent bond)
What is the polymer of a lipid?
Triglyceride
3 fatty acids+1 glycerol
What is the monomer of a protein?
Amino acids
- held together by peptide bonds
What is the polymer of a protein?
polypeptide(protein)
What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
nucleotide
- made of sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group
What is the polymer of a nucleic acid?
DNA vs. RNA
double stranded single stranded
deoxyribose ribose
A, T, C, G A, C, G, U
What is the 4 structural levels of proteins?
• Primary structure
• Secondary structure
• Tertiary structure
• Quaternary structure
What is the primary structure of protein?
linear sequence of amino acids
What is the secondary structure of proteins?
How primary amino acids interact with each other
-Alpha: helix coils resemble a spring
-Beta: pleated sheets resemble accordion ribbons
What is the tertiary structure of protein?
multiple secondary levels combined together
what is the quaternary structure of protein?
multiple tertiary levels combined together
What two categories of shapes does protein take?
o Fibrous protein structure helps provide structural support in the body
o Globular protein structure helps with chemical reactions
What is kinetic energy?
energy of work
what is potential energy?
stored energy
What is ATP?
o A nucleotide (ribose sugar, adenine base, 3 phosphate groups)
o Chemical energy used by cells (energy is in the bonds of the phosphate groups)
