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A&P Lecture CH 1-4 > CH 2 > Flashcards

CH 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Matter?

A

anything that has mass and occupies space

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2
Q

What are the 3 states of matter?

A

 Solid: definite shape and volume
 Liquid: definite volume
 Gas: neither a definite shape nor volume

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3
Q

What are the 4 major elements in the human body?

A

 Oxygen
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Nitrogen

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4
Q

What is a Proton?

A

positive charge; occupy the nucleus; 1 AMU

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5
Q

What is a neutron?

A

no charge/neutral; occupy the nucleus; 1 AMU

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6
Q

What is an Electron?

A

negative charge; 0 AMU
o How to Fill An Atom’s Electron Shells
 Shell 1 holds a max 2 electrons
 Shell 2 holds a max 8 electrons
 Shell 3 holds a max 18 electrons

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7
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

number of protons

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8
Q

How do you find the atomic number?

A

The top left side of the box

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9
Q

What is the mass number?

A

sum of the number of protons and neutrons

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10
Q

How do you find the mass number from a periodic table?

A

The bottom of the square

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11
Q

what is an isotope?

A

atoms that have the same number of protons, but vary in the number of neutrons

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12
Q

What is radioactivity?

A

process of spontaneous atomic decay of isotopes

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13
Q

What is atomic weight?

A

the average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes

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14
Q

what is an ion?

A

an atom that has lost or gained an electron

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15
Q

what is a molecule?

A

two or more atoms of the same elements combined chemically

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16
Q

what is a compound?

A

two or more different elements combined chemically

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17
Q

What is a mixture?

A

combining two or more substances

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18
Q

What is an suspension mixture?

A

a mixture in which solid particles settle at the bottom if left undisturbed for some time. (Ex: blood)
- large molecules

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19
Q

What is a colloid mixture?

A

a mixture in which particles floating in a liquid will not settle out of solution (Ex: microbeads in a gel)
- medium molecules

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20
Q

what is a solution mixture?

A

a mixture of two or more substances in which one dissolves the other (Ex: salt water)
-smallest sized molecules

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21
Q

what is a solvent?

A

substance that does the dissolving

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22
Q

what is a solute?

A

substance that gets dissolved

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23
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

energy relationships involving interactions of electrons of reacting atoms

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24
Q

What is a covalent bond(strongest bond)?

A

Sharing of electrons
2 Types:
• Nonpolar Covalent Bond: equal sharing of electrons (Ex: O2)
• Polar Covalent Bond: unequal sharing of electrons (Ex: H2O)

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25
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal, resulting in a salt
 Example is the ionic bond resulting in table salt (Na + Cl → NaCl)
 Ion: atoms that have lost or gained electrons
• Anion: atom with a negative charge as the result of gaining electrons
• Cation: atom with a positive charge as the result of losing electrons

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26
Q

What is a hydrogen bond(weakest bond)?

A

Attraction of opposite charges

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27
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

event in which atoms combine or dissociate/break apart from other atoms

28
Q

What is a reactant?

A

atoms to the left of a chemical reaction arrow that go into a reaction

29
Q

What is a product?

A

atoms to the right of a chemical reaction arrow that comes out of a reaction

30
Q

What are the 5 types of chemical reactions?

A

o Synthesis/Anabolic reaction
o Decomposition/Catabolic reaction
o Exchange reaction
o Reversible reaction
o Oxidation-reduction reaction

31
Q

What is a synthesis/anabolic reaction?

A

Build large products from smaller reactions
-Also an endergonic reaction)

32
Q

What is a decomposition/catabolic reaction?

A

break down large reactant into small products
- an exergonic reaction

33
Q

what is an exchange reaction?

A

swapping components

34
Q

what is a reversible reaction?

A

go in reverse

35
Q

what is an oxidation/reduction(redox) reaction?

A

: transfers electrons between atoms and molecules
 Oxidation: loss of electrons
 Reduction: gain of electrons

36
Q

What are 4 Factors that Affect Rates of Chemical Reactions?

A

o Temperature: ↑/hot = fast; ↓/low = slow
o Concentration of Reactants: ↑ = fast, ↓ = slow
o Particle Size: Big = Slow, Small = Fast
o Catalyst: Present = fast; Absent = slow

37
Q

What is exergonic mean?

A

exergonic results in release of energy(give off)

38
Q

what does endergonic mean?

A

endergonic results in absorption of energy(use up energy)

39
Q

What is an acid?

A

releases H+
proton donator
pH<7

40
Q

What is a base?

A

releases OH-
proton acceptor
pH>7

41
Q

What are buffers?

A

slows large swings in pH, acts as the opposite of what you intake to maintain balance

42
Q

what is the pH scale?

A

scale that measures the concentration of hydrogen ions
• pH scale ranges from 0-14
• pH < 7 = Acid (high H+ concentration)
• pH > 7 = Base (low H+ concentration / High OH- concentration)
• pH = 7 = Neutral/Water

43
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

compound that has to contain Carbon bonded to Hydrogen

44
Q

What is an inorganic compound?

A

compound that usually lacks Carbon and simple molecules

45
Q

What is a monomer?

A

small individual subunits/building blocks

46
Q

What is a polymer?

A

large molecules made of many repeating subunits/monomers

47
Q

What is dehydration synthesis

A

a type of synthesis reaction in which water is removed to build a polymer; reaction that builds most organic compounds

48
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

a type of decomposition reaction in which water is added to break down a polymer; reaction that breaks down most organic compounds

49
Q

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

A

monosaccharides (glucose)

50
Q

what is the polymer of a carbohydrate?

A

polysaccharide (glycogen)

51
Q

what is the monomer of a lipid?

A

Fatty acids
saturated(single covalent bond) vs. unsaturated(one double covalent bond)

52
Q

What is the polymer of a lipid?

A

Triglyceride
3 fatty acids+1 glycerol

53
Q

What is the monomer of a protein?

A

Amino acids
- held together by peptide bonds

54
Q

What is the polymer of a protein?

A

polypeptide(protein)

55
Q

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

A

nucleotide
- made of sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group

56
Q

What is the polymer of a nucleic acid?

A

DNA vs. RNA
double stranded single stranded
deoxyribose ribose
A, T, C, G A, C, G, U

57
Q

What is the 4 structural levels of proteins?

A

• Primary structure
• Secondary structure
• Tertiary structure
• Quaternary structure

58
Q

What is the primary structure of protein?

A

linear sequence of amino acids

59
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

A

How primary amino acids interact with each other
-Alpha: helix coils resemble a spring
-Beta: pleated sheets resemble accordion ribbons

60
Q

What is the tertiary structure of protein?

A

multiple secondary levels combined together

61
Q

what is the quaternary structure of protein?

A

multiple tertiary levels combined together

62
Q

What two categories of shapes does protein take?

A

o Fibrous protein structure helps provide structural support in the body
o Globular protein structure helps with chemical reactions

63
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

energy of work

64
Q

what is potential energy?

A

stored energy

65
Q

What is ATP?

A

o A nucleotide (ribose sugar, adenine base, 3 phosphate groups)
o Chemical energy used by cells (energy is in the bonds of the phosphate groups)

A&P Lecture CH 1-4 (4 decks)

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