CH 1 Flashcards
What is the cell?
The basic unit of life
What is the order of the human structural organization?
cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism
How many organ systems are there?
11
What is the function of the Integumentary system?
Provides protection from external environment, waterproofs the body, regulates body temperature, makes Vitamin D, etc.
What are the organs in the integumentary system?
Skin
What is the function of the Skeletal system?
Aids in movement, provides protection, site of blood cell formation, stores minerals
What organs are in the Skeletal System?
Bones
What is the function of the Muscular system?
Movement
What organs are in the Muscular system?
Skeletal Muscles
What is the function of the Nervous system?
Responding to stimuli, provides sensation, control system for other organ systems, etc.
What organs are in the Nervous system?
Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves
What is the function of the Endocrine system?
Secretion of hormones to regulate the body’s growth
What organs are in the Endocrine system?
Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland
What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?
Pumps and transports blood, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and hormones
What organs are in the Cardiovascular system?
Heart, Blood vessels
What is the function of the Lymphatic system?
fight infection
What are the organs in the lymphatic system?
Lymph nodes
What is the function of the Respiratory system?
Gas exchange with the blood for oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide
What organs are found in the Respiratory system?
Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs
What is the function of the Digestive system?
Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients
What organs are found in the Digestive system?
Stomach
What is the function of the Urinary system?
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
What organs are found in the Urinary system?
Kidneys, Urinary bladder
What is the function of the reproductive system?
Production of sperm and eggs for the production of offspring
What organs are in the Reproductive system?
Testes, Ovaries
What are the necessary functions of life?
- Differentiation
- Movement
- Responsiveness/Irritability
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal state/condition
What feedbacks do you get for homeostasis?
Positive and Negative feedback
What is the definition of Positive feedback?
type of feedback mechanism that increases or exaggerates the initial stimulus
What is an example of Positive feedback?
Ex: Childbirth/Labor
• Initial stimulus: baby descending out of uterus causing stretching of the uterus (baby wants out)
• Receptor: uterine receptors detect stretching
• Control Center: Pituitary gland in brain releases oxytocin
• Effector: Uterine muscle increase the force and frequency of contractions
• End result: baby descends out faster (baby comes out faster)
What is the definition of Negative feedback?
type of feedback mechanism that either shuts off, reduces, or gives the opposite effect to the initial stimulus
What is an example of Negative feedback?
Ex: How you control your body temperature
• Initial stimulus: you get cold (body temperature drops)
• Receptor: temperature receptors in skin
• Control Center: brain
• Effector: skeletal muscles cause shivering
• End result: you warm up (body temperature rises)
What is the definition of homeostatic imbalances?
Imbalances are disturbances in homeostasis that often result in disease
What are the 3 components to Homeostatic control mechanism?
Receptor, Control Center, and Effector
What does the Receptor do?
senses stimuli (changes in the environment)
What does the Control Center do?
analyzes information and determines an appropriate response
What does the Effector do?
Provides the response to the stimulus
What is Superior/Cranial?
Toward the head – Above/Top
ex. The head is superior to the abdomen.
What is Inferior/Caudal?
Away from the head, toward the feet – Below/Bottom
ex. The navel is inferior to the chin.
What is Anterior/Ventral?
Toward the front
ex. The breastbone is anterior to the spine.
What is Posterior/Dorsal?
Toward the back
ex. The heart is posterior to the breastbone.
What is the Medial?
Toward the midline - middle
ex. The heart is medial to the lungs.
What is the Lateral?
Away from the midline - side
ex. The arms are lateral to the chest.
What is the Intermediate?
Between medial and lateral
ex. The clavicle is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder.
What is the Proximal?
Close to the origin or trunk of the body
ex. The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
Proximal is used for arms and legs.
What is the Distal?
Far from the origin or trunk of the body
ex. The knee is distal to the thigh.
Distal is used for arms and legs.
What is the Superficial/External?
Toward the surface
ex. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles.
What is the Deep/Internal?
Away from the surface – deep inside
ex. The bones are deep to the skin.
Cephalic
entire head
Frontal
Forehead
Orbital
Eye
Nasal
Nose
Buccal
Cheek
Oral
Mouth
Mental
Chin
Occipital
Back of the head
Cervical
Neck
Thoracic
Entire Chest
Sternal
sternum/breastbone
Axillary
armpit
Pectoral
Upper chest
Abdominal
Abdomen
Dorsal
back
Scapular
upper back/shoulder blades
Vertebral
middle of back/spine
Lumbar
lower back
Sacral
back of the pelvis
gluteal
buttocks
Umbilical
belly button/umbilicus
Pelvic
entire pelvic
Inguinal
Groin
Pubic
Genitals
Upper Limb
entire upper appendages (arm, forearm, wrist, and hand)
Acromial
top of shoulder
deltoid
shoulder
Brachial
Arm
Antecubital
front of elbow
Olecranal
elbow
Antebrachial
forearm
Carpal
Wrist
Manus
entire hand
digital
fingers and toes
Lower Limb
entire lower appendages (thigh, leg, ankle, foot)
Coxal
hip
femoral
thigh
patellar
front of knee
popliteal
back of the knee
crural
front of leg
sural
back of the leg
fibular
side of leg
Tarsal
ankle
pedal
entire foot
Calcaneal
heel
Plantar
Bottom of foot
Digital
toes and fingers
Sagittal
divides the body into right and left halves
Midsagittal
Center cut that divides the body into equal left and right halves
Parasagittal
off-center cut that divides the body into unequal left and right halves
Frontal/Coronal
divides the body into anterior/front and posterior/back
Transverse/Cross
divides the body into superior/top and inferior/bottom
Oblique
divides the body at a random angle
The body is divided into 2 major internal cavities. What are the two?
- Dorsal
- Ventral
The dorsal cavity is divided into-
- Cranial cavity
- Spinal cavity
The Ventral cavity is divided into-
- Thoracic cavity- above the diaphragm
- Abdominopelvic cavity- below the diaphragm
What is the Thoracic cavity divided into?
a. Mediastinum – holds the heart, trachea, etc.
i. -Pericardial cavity – holds the heart
b. Pleural cavity – holds the lungs
What is the Abdominopelvic cavity divided into?
a. Abdominal cavity – holds the stomach, liver, etc.
b. Pelvic cavity- holds the bladder, rectum, etc.
What does the Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) hold?
holds liver, gallbladder
What does the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) hold?
holds spleen, liver, intestines
What does the Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) hold?
holds large intestine, appendix, small intestine
What does the Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) hold?
holds large intestine, small intestine
What are the 9 segments in the Abdominopelvic
i. Right hypochondriac region – liver
ii. Epigastric region – stomach
iii. Left hypochondriac region – spleen
iv. Right lumbar region – large intestine (ascending colon)
v. Umbilical region – small intestine
vi. Left lumbar region – large intestine (descending colon)
vii. Right iliac/inguinal region – appendix
viii. Hypogastric/pubic region – bladder
ix. Left iliac/inguinal region – large intestine (sigmoid colon)
What is Serous Membrane?
a thin sheet of tissue that lines body cavities, and secretes a serous fluid for lubrication
What are the two layers of Serous membrane?
o Parietal layer – outermost layer that touches/lines the wall of the body cavity
o Visceral layer – innermost layer that touches/lines the organs within the cavity
