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A&P Lecture CH 1-4 > CH 1 > Flashcards

CH 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell?

A

The basic unit of life

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2
Q

What is the order of the human structural organization?

A

cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

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3
Q

How many organ systems are there?

A

11

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4
Q

What is the function of the Integumentary system?

A

Provides protection from external environment, waterproofs the body, regulates body temperature, makes Vitamin D, etc.

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5
Q

What are the organs in the integumentary system?

A

Skin

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6
Q

What is the function of the Skeletal system?

A

Aids in movement, provides protection, site of blood cell formation, stores minerals

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7
Q

What organs are in the Skeletal System?

A

Bones

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8
Q

What is the function of the Muscular system?

A

Movement

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9
Q

What organs are in the Muscular system?

A

Skeletal Muscles

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10
Q

What is the function of the Nervous system?

A

Responding to stimuli, provides sensation, control system for other organ systems, etc.

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11
Q

What organs are in the Nervous system?

A

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves

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12
Q

What is the function of the Endocrine system?

A

Secretion of hormones to regulate the body’s growth

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13
Q

What organs are in the Endocrine system?

A

Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland

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14
Q

What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?

A

Pumps and transports blood, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and hormones

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15
Q

What organs are in the Cardiovascular system?

A

Heart, Blood vessels

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16
Q

What is the function of the Lymphatic system?

A

fight infection

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17
Q

What are the organs in the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes

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18
Q

What is the function of the Respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange with the blood for oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide

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19
Q

What organs are found in the Respiratory system?

A

Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs

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20
Q

What is the function of the Digestive system?

A

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients

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21
Q

What organs are found in the Digestive system?

A

Stomach

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22
Q

What is the function of the Urinary system?

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

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23
Q

What organs are found in the Urinary system?

A

Kidneys, Urinary bladder

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24
Q

What is the function of the reproductive system?

A

Production of sperm and eggs for the production of offspring

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25
Q

What organs are in the Reproductive system?

A

Testes, Ovaries

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26
Q

What are the necessary functions of life?

A
  1. Differentiation
  2. Movement
  3. Responsiveness/Irritability
  4. Metabolism
  5. Excretion
  6. Reproduction
  7. Growth
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27
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal state/condition

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28
Q

What feedbacks do you get for homeostasis?

A

Positive and Negative feedback

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29
Q

What is the definition of Positive feedback?

A

type of feedback mechanism that increases or exaggerates the initial stimulus

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30
Q

What is an example of Positive feedback?

A

Ex: Childbirth/Labor
• Initial stimulus: baby descending out of uterus causing stretching of the uterus (baby wants out)
• Receptor: uterine receptors detect stretching
• Control Center: Pituitary gland in brain releases oxytocin
• Effector: Uterine muscle increase the force and frequency of contractions
• End result: baby descends out faster (baby comes out faster)

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31
Q

What is the definition of Negative feedback?

A

type of feedback mechanism that either shuts off, reduces, or gives the opposite effect to the initial stimulus

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32
Q

What is an example of Negative feedback?

A

Ex: How you control your body temperature
• Initial stimulus: you get cold (body temperature drops)
• Receptor: temperature receptors in skin
• Control Center: brain
• Effector: skeletal muscles cause shivering
• End result: you warm up (body temperature rises)

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33
Q

What is the definition of homeostatic imbalances?

A

Imbalances are disturbances in homeostasis that often result in disease

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34
Q

What are the 3 components to Homeostatic control mechanism?

A

Receptor, Control Center, and Effector

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35
Q

What does the Receptor do?

A

senses stimuli (changes in the environment)

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36
Q

What does the Control Center do?

A

analyzes information and determines an appropriate response

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37
Q

What does the Effector do?

A

Provides the response to the stimulus

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38
Q

What is Superior/Cranial?

A

Toward the head – Above/Top
ex. The head is superior to the abdomen.

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39
Q

What is Inferior/Caudal?

A

Away from the head, toward the feet – Below/Bottom
ex. The navel is inferior to the chin.

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40
Q

What is Anterior/Ventral?

A

Toward the front
ex. The breastbone is anterior to the spine.

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41
Q

What is Posterior/Dorsal?

A

Toward the back
ex. The heart is posterior to the breastbone.

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42
Q

What is the Medial?

A

Toward the midline - middle
ex. The heart is medial to the lungs.

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43
Q

What is the Lateral?

A

Away from the midline - side
ex. The arms are lateral to the chest.

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44
Q

What is the Intermediate?

A

Between medial and lateral
ex. The clavicle is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder.

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45
Q

What is the Proximal?

A

Close to the origin or trunk of the body
ex. The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
Proximal is used for arms and legs.

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46
Q

What is the Distal?

A

Far from the origin or trunk of the body
ex. The knee is distal to the thigh.
Distal is used for arms and legs.

47
Q

What is the Superficial/External?

A

Toward the surface
ex. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles.

48
Q

What is the Deep/Internal?

A

Away from the surface – deep inside
ex. The bones are deep to the skin.

49
Q

Cephalic

A

entire head

50
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

51
Q

Orbital

A

Eye

52
Q

Nasal

A

Nose

53
Q

Buccal

A

Cheek

54
Q

Oral

A

Mouth

55
Q

Mental

A

Chin

56
Q

Occipital

A

Back of the head

57
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

58
Q

Thoracic

A

Entire Chest

59
Q

Sternal

A

sternum/breastbone

60
Q

Axillary

A

armpit

61
Q

Pectoral

A

Upper chest

62
Q

Abdominal

A

Abdomen

63
Q

Dorsal

A

back

64
Q

Scapular

A

upper back/shoulder blades

65
Q

Vertebral

A

middle of back/spine

66
Q

Lumbar

A

lower back

67
Q

Sacral

A

back of the pelvis

68
Q

gluteal

A

buttocks

69
Q

Umbilical

A

belly button/umbilicus

70
Q

Pelvic

A

entire pelvic

71
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

72
Q

Pubic

A

Genitals

73
Q

Upper Limb

A

entire upper appendages (arm, forearm, wrist, and hand)

74
Q

Acromial

A

top of shoulder

75
Q

deltoid

A

shoulder

76
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

77
Q

Antecubital

A

front of elbow

78
Q

Olecranal

A

elbow

79
Q

Antebrachial

A

forearm

80
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

81
Q

Manus

A

entire hand

82
Q

digital

A

fingers and toes

83
Q

Lower Limb

A

entire lower appendages (thigh, leg, ankle, foot)

84
Q

Coxal

A

hip

85
Q

femoral

A

thigh

86
Q

patellar

A

front of knee

87
Q

popliteal

A

back of the knee

88
Q

crural

A

front of leg

89
Q

sural

A

back of the leg

90
Q

fibular

A

side of leg

91
Q

Tarsal

A

ankle

92
Q

pedal

A

entire foot

93
Q

Calcaneal

A

heel

94
Q

Plantar

A

Bottom of foot

95
Q

Digital

A

toes and fingers

96
Q

Sagittal

A

divides the body into right and left halves

97
Q

Midsagittal

A

Center cut that divides the body into equal left and right halves

98
Q

Parasagittal

A

off-center cut that divides the body into unequal left and right halves

99
Q

Frontal/Coronal

A

divides the body into anterior/front and posterior/back

100
Q

Transverse/Cross

A

divides the body into superior/top and inferior/bottom

101
Q

Oblique

A

divides the body at a random angle

102
Q

The body is divided into 2 major internal cavities. What are the two?

A
  1. Dorsal
  2. Ventral
103
Q

The dorsal cavity is divided into-

A
  1. Cranial cavity
  2. Spinal cavity
104
Q

The Ventral cavity is divided into-

A
  1. Thoracic cavity- above the diaphragm
  2. Abdominopelvic cavity- below the diaphragm
105
Q

What is the Thoracic cavity divided into?

A

a. Mediastinum – holds the heart, trachea, etc.
i. -Pericardial cavity – holds the heart
b. Pleural cavity – holds the lungs

106
Q

What is the Abdominopelvic cavity divided into?

A

a. Abdominal cavity – holds the stomach, liver, etc.
b. Pelvic cavity- holds the bladder, rectum, etc.

107
Q

What does the Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) hold?

A

holds liver, gallbladder

108
Q

What does the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) hold?

A

holds spleen, liver, intestines

109
Q

What does the Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) hold?

A

holds large intestine, appendix, small intestine

110
Q

What does the Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) hold?

A

holds large intestine, small intestine

111
Q

What are the 9 segments in the Abdominopelvic

A

i. Right hypochondriac region – liver
ii. Epigastric region – stomach
iii. Left hypochondriac region – spleen
iv. Right lumbar region – large intestine (ascending colon)
v. Umbilical region – small intestine
vi. Left lumbar region – large intestine (descending colon)
vii. Right iliac/inguinal region – appendix
viii. Hypogastric/pubic region – bladder
ix. Left iliac/inguinal region – large intestine (sigmoid colon)

112
Q

What is Serous Membrane?

A

a thin sheet of tissue that lines body cavities, and secretes a serous fluid for lubrication

113
Q

What are the two layers of Serous membrane?

A

o Parietal layer – outermost layer that touches/lines the wall of the body cavity
o Visceral layer – innermost layer that touches/lines the organs within the cavity

A&P Lecture CH 1-4 (4 decks)

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