ch. 2

Question 1

linguistic competence

Answer 1

depth of knowledge of a language system

Question 2

performance

Answer 2

actual use of a language– imposes more limitations on what a speaker can produce than linguistic competence does (due to human memory)

Question 3

what three things do language users need in order to function in their language?

Answer 3

1) linguistic competence 2) knowledge of their world 3) communicative competence

Question 4

mental lexicon definition

Answer 4

a network of ‘nodes’ and ‘strings’ connecting words that have similar sounds and/or meanings, which is then used in order to better communicate with people.

Question 5

aphasia

Answer 5

language dysfunctions caused by damage to the brain

Question 6

cognitive system

Answer 6

all knowledge types and abilities used in comprehending and forming coherent speech

Question 7

Broca’s area

Answer 7

damage to this area creates ‘telegraphic speech’– affects speaking mostly

Question 8

wernicke’s area

Answer 8

damage to this part of the brain affects language comprehension, as it plays an important role in processing phonological and semantic information

Question 9

supmarginal gyrus

Answer 9

damage to this part of the brain can cause problems with word finding

Question 10

the N400 effect

Answer 10

triggers an effect in the brain about 400 milliseconds after exposure to a semantic violation

Question 11

the P600 effect

Answer 11

a reaction in the brain that occurs 600 milliseconds after exposure to a syntactic violation

Question 12

first step of language comprehension

Answer 12

1) recognition of sounds

Question 13

second step of language comprehension

Answer 13

2) recognition of words

Question 14

third step of language comprehension

Answer 14

3) comprehension of sentences

Question 15

fourth step of language comprehension

Answer 15

4) interpretation of utterances

Question 16

co-articulation

Answer 16

the pronunciation of a letter is affected by the sounds/letters that surround it

Question 17

bottom-up processing

Answer 17

identifying each speech sound within a sound signal then combining them into a word

Question 18

top-down processing

Answer 18

constructing an interpretation that makes sense based on previous knowledge and expectations

Question 19

cohort definition

Answer 19

a set of words activated in a certain stage in word recognition

Question 20

cohort model

Answer 20

the model of word recognition including cohorts

Question 21

context effect

Answer 21

context helps us to build up and expectation, usually helping the listener recognize words/phrases faster

Question 22

parsing

Answer 22

analyzing a sentence into its parts and then describing the syntactic roles of those parts

Question 23

syntactic strategy

Answer 23

the strategy of parsing a sentence in order to react to it faster, which can lead to a disadvantage when faced with garden path sentences

Question 24

garden path sentences

Answer 24

first analysis of the sentence isn’t usually correct as the sentence has a strange syntax

Question 25

‘late closure’ syntactic structure

Answer 25

relating new words to the previous group of words in a sentence

Question 26

semantic strategy

Answer 26

identify the content words in the sentence, then on that basis construct an interpretation that makes sense

Question 27

4 processes of language comprehension

Answer 27

1) sound recognition, 2) word recognition 3) sentence comprehension 4) interpretation

Question 28

first stage in the speech process

Answer 28

1) thinking out and planning the utterance (conceptualizing)

Question 29

second step in speech process

Answer 29

2) formulating the utterance

Question 30

third step in the speech process

Answer 30

3) actual pronunciation of the utterance

Question 31

preverbal message

Answer 31

the planning stage is complete and the speaker knows what they want to say but it doesn’t yet have a linguistic form– will usually start with the verb then the subjects

Question 32

Freudian slips of the tongue

Answer 32

the result of repressed emotions/thoughts that interfere with the planning of the utterance

Question 33

grammatical encoding

Answer 33

includes processes at the word and sentence level with precede the formation of the utterance

Question 34

grammatical encoding steps

Answer 34

verb is selected and then the subjects are made to fit the verb

Question 35

phonological encoding

Answer 35

words are built up by syllables, which are built by speech sounds, which can form speech clusters.

Question 36

phonetic plan

Answer 36

contains all the info a speaker needs in order to produce the utterance, usually is correct

Question 37

articulation phase

Answer 37

pronunciation occurs

Question 38

incremental process

Answer 38

speaking occurs in increments– the planning of an utterance isn’t complete when the formulation phase starts

Question 39

cognitive processes run in [__]

Answer 39

parallel