CH. 19 terms Flashcards
agricultural revolution
- replacement of idle fallow with crops
- new methods of farming to improve patterns of crop rotation (using up the idle land)
enclosure
- enclosing holdings into fenced in fields to farm efficiently
- peasants had to sell out to pay their share of the expense
proletarianization
- transformation of peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners
- but they were still landless
cottage industry
-manufacturing with hand tools in peasant cottages and work sheds
putting-put system
- merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers
- the cottage workers then processed the raw materials in their own homes
- and returned the finish product to the merchant
mercantilism
- aimed at increasing the power of the state
- by creating a favorable balance of foreign trade to increase a country’s stock of gold
- economic theory that indicates that trade generates wealth
open-field system
- divided land into several large fields
- long, narrow strips
navigation acts
- required that most goods imported from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British owned ships with British crews
- or on ships producing the article
crop rotation
- instead of keeping the same crop in the same spot each year; rotating the crops
- in order to get rid of the fallow
- they planted crops and then took it out and planted nitrogen storing crops to make us of the idle fallow
cottage industry was also known as…
-domestic industry
cornelius vermuyden
-Dutch engineer who dirrected large drainage in Yorkshire
viscount Charles Townsend
-pioneer of English agricultural improvement
jethro Tull
English innovator who wanted to use horses instead of oxen and drilling equipment to scatter seed
enclosure acts
-laws passed by parliament to support enclosure
population explosion
- cycle of population growth and decline
- more diseases led to better medicine
- mortality rate decreased
- higher standards of living
- population grew
new pattern of the 18th centrist
- small pox vaccine
- improvement in water supply and sewage
- better safe guard of food
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war of Spanish succession
- Spain wanted to give Britain control of its west African slave trade and let Britain send one ship of merchandise into Spanish countries annually
- Louis xiv declared his willingness to accept the Spanish crown from his grandson
- Louis was forced to cede Newfoundland nova scotia and the Hudson bag territory to Britain (treaty of Utrecht)
- Spain have France control of its west African slave trade
war of Austrian succession
- gradually became world war
- ended with no change in territorial structure
- led to 7 years war
- France lost all its possessions
revival of colonial Latin America
- Spain recovered after Charles II death because of better leadership
- political success and economic improvement
- silver mining recovered
war of Spanish succession
-Spain wanted to give Britain control of its west African slave trade and let Britain send one ship of merchandise into Spanish countries annually
war of Austrian succession
- gradually became world war
- ended with no change in territorial structure
- led to 7 years war
- France lost all its possessions
debt peonage
-landowner provided food shelter etc in exchange for work
creole
Spanish blood born in America
mestizos
-offspring of Spanish man and Indian woman
Adam smith
- Scottish professor of philosophy
- freedom of enterprise in foreign trade
- free competition
- merchants complained because they wanted free trade and Adam smith did too
- established the basis for economics (“nature and causes of the wealth of nations”)
- advocated system of natural Liberty
