CH. 18 people

Question 1

John Locke

Answer 1

• essay concerning human understanding: human development is determined by education & social institutions
• second treatise of government: “social contract theory” government gets power from the people, if power is abused, people can abolish government and create new one

Question 2

Baron de Montesquieu

Answer 2

• admired balance of power
• defined the theories of seperation of powers of the three branches of gov.
• satiric used human European society
• “spirit of the law” “the Persian letters”

Question 3

voltaire

Answer 3

• reformer of social/political matters

- best government = monarchy because he didn’t trust the people to govern themselves

Question 4

jean-jacques rosseau

Answer 4

• the social contract: established that general will of the people is sacred and absolute; they hold sovereign power, not the monarch
• basic goodness of individual must be protected
• against enlightenment ideals
• “social contract theory” “Emile”

Question 5

Immanuel Kant

Answer 5

• believed that enlightenment meant that you should have courage to use your own understanding (freedom of the press would result in enlightenment)
• on the different races of man: 4 races of man derived from original race of “white brunette”; new physical traits led to degeneration physically and culturally
• “critique of practical reason “metaphysics of morals” “critique of judgement”
• seperation of science from morality

Question 6

Emilie du Chatalet

Answer 6

• wrote extensively about the mathematics and physics of Gottfried Wilhelm Von Lebnitz and Isaac Newton
• mathematician
• relation with Voltaire (who learned much of his science from her)

Question 7

Nicolas Copernicus

Answer 7

sun, not earth is center of the universe

“on the revolutions of heavenly spheres”

Question 8

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 8

studied anatomy by dissecting bodies, often those of executed animals

textbook of precise drawings revolutionized the understanding of human anatomy

“on the structure of the human body”

Question 9

Tycho Brahe

Answer 9

built observatory and compiled data that set foundation for keplers theories

“de nova Stella; Rudolfine Tables (new table of planetary data)”

• Johannes Kepler was his assistant
• astronomer

Question 10

Francis Bacon

Answer 10

Empiricism (inductive reasoning)- advocated use of scientific method to acquire evidence through observation and experimentation, rather than reasoning and speculation

“the advancement of learning”; “novum organum”

Question 11

Galileo Galilei

Answer 11

1st to use telescope for astronomical observations

provided evidence for heliocentric theory (started by Copernicus)

experimented with laws of physics (discovered inertia-objects of different weights fall of at the same rate)

“dialogue of the two chief systems of the world”

Question 12

Johannes Kepler

Answer 12

3 laws of planetary motion United natural philosophy and math

“laws of plant art motion”: planets orbit in ellipses

“the new anatomy”

completed Brahe’s “Rudolphine tables” (mathematically proved heliocentric theory)

Question 13

Isaac Newton

Answer 13

Set forth laws of motion, most important is law of universal gravitation- mathematical explanation for operation of gravity throughout the universe

“Principia Mathematica”

Question 14

Rene Descartes

Answer 14

deductive reasoning; using a general law from specific observed cases and applying it to similar I observed ones

developed analytical geometry

“discourse on method”

Cartesian dualism: reality reduced to two entities- physical and spiritual

“cogito, ergo sum”- I think, therefore I am

Question 15

deism

Answer 15

human observation and reason, not gods revelations are key to knowledge and understanding