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Rad Lecture > Ch. 18 Urinary System Review Questions > Flashcards

Ch. 18 Urinary System Review Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the kidney include:

  1. ) removing waste products from the blood
  2. ) maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
  3. ) secreting substances that affect blood pressure
    a. 1 and 2
    b. 1 and 3
    c. 2 and 3
    d. 1, 2, and 3
A

1, 2, and 3

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2
Q

How much urine is excreted by the kidneys each day?

A

1-2 Liters

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3
Q

What is secreted by the suprarenal glands?

A

Epinephrine

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4
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the kidneys?

a. the left kidney is longer and narrower than the right
b. the left kidney is lower than the right
c. the right kidney is longer and narrower than the left
d. both kidneys are the same length and width

A

a. The left kidney is longer and narrower than the right kidney

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5
Q

For which body habitus will the kidneys lie at the highest level?

A

Hypersthenic

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6
Q

How much will the kidneys drop in the change from the supine to the upright position?

A

2 inches

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7
Q

The cluster of blood capillaries contained within the capsule of a nephron is called the:

A

Glomerulus

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8
Q

What serves as the filter for the blood in the kidney?

A

The glomerulus

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9
Q

The cup-shaped recesses in the center of each kidney that receive the urine from the collecting ducts are called the:

A

Calyces

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10
Q

Where do the ureters lie in relation to the peritoneum?

A

Behind the peritoneum

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11
Q

What serves as the reservoir for urine?

A

Urinary bladder

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12
Q

How much fluid can the adult bladder hold?

A

500 mL

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13
Q

Where do the ureters enter the bladder?

A

The posterior wall

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14
Q

How long is the urethra in the female?

A

1.5 inches

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15
Q

The technique of injecting contrast media into a vein and taking radiographs of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder is termed:

A

Intravenous urography

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16
Q

In some radiography procedures involving the urinary system, the contrast medium is introduced against the normal flow. This is termed:

A

Retrograde

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17
Q

A radiographic examination of the urinary bladder is termed:

A

Cystography

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18
Q

For which of the following anatomical areas is the retrograde technique used?

  1. ) bladder
  2. ) lower ureters
  3. ) urethra
A

1, 2, and 3

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19
Q

The concentration of iodine in ionic contrast media is:

A

50-70%

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20
Q

Which of the following is true regarding nonionic contrast media?

  1. ) cost is higher
  2. ) less likely to cause a reaction
  3. ) less is necessary for the injection
A

1 and 2

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21
Q

The common reactions to contrast media include:

  1. ) warmth
  2. ) flushing
  3. ) anaphylactic reaction
A

1 and 2

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22
Q

Significant reactions to contrast media include:

  1. ) nausea
  2. ) vomiting
  3. ) edema of the respiratory mucous membrane
A

1, 2, and 3

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23
Q

The vast majority of all reactions to contrast media occur within how many minutes after injection?

A

5 minutes

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24
Q

Preparation of the patient for an IVU includes:

A
  • Light evening meal
  • A non-gas forming laxative
  • NPO after midnight
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25
Q

The exposure technique used for an IVU should have sufficient contrast and density to clearly demonstrate the:

  1. ) outline of the kidneys
  2. ) lower border of the liver
  3. ) lateral margin of the psoas muscle
A

1, 2, and 3

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26
Q

Which of the following must be available during an IVU?

  1. ) nurse
  2. ) radiologist
  3. ) emergency cart
A

2 and 3

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27
Q

Where is the compression applied during an IVU?

A

Distal ends of the ureters

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28
Q

Compression should not be used during an IVU if the patient has:

  1. ) an iodine allergy
  2. ) an aneurysm
  3. ) a colostomy
A

2 and 3

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29
Q

The respiration phase for all exposures made during an IVU is:

A

Expiration

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30
Q

Contraindications for intravenous urography include:

  1. ) anuria
  2. ) renal failure
  3. ) elderly patients
A

1 and 2

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31
Q

Within how many minutes does contrast medium appear in the pelvicalyceal system?

A

2-8

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32
Q

How many minutes after injection does the greatest concentration of contrast medium appear in the kidneys?

A

15-20

33
Q

The series of radiographs made during an IVU examination are typically done at time intervals between:

A

3 and 20 minutes

34
Q

Where is the IR centered for all abdominal radiographs taken during examinations of the urinary system?

A

Iliac crests

35
Q

What is the central-ray angle for the AP oblique projections of the urinary system?

A

0 degrees

36
Q

How much is the patient rotated from the supine for an AP oblique projection of the urinary system?

A

30 degrees

37
Q

What is true regarding positioning of the abdomen for a lateral projection of the urinary system?

A

The midcoronal plane is centered to the grid.

38
Q

Which decubitus position is commonly used during an IVU examination to demonstrate the ureteropelvic junction?

A

Dorsal decubitus

39
Q

Which of the following is true regarding retrograde urography?

  1. ) the ureters must be catheterized
  2. ) provides little physiologic information
  3. ) contrast is injected directly into the pelvicalyceal system
A

1, 2, and 3

40
Q

Which technique is used to get contrast medium into the urinary bladder for a cystogram?

A

Retrograde filling technique

41
Q

Which of the following projections are used during a cystogram?

  1. ) AP
  2. ) AP oblique
  3. ) lateral
A

1, 2, and 3

42
Q

Where is the IR centered for an AP axial projection of the urinary bladder (cystogram)?

A

2 inches above the upper border of the pubic symphysis

43
Q

How much is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection of the urinary bladder during a cystogram?

A

40-60 degrees

44
Q

Which plane is centered to the grid for a lateral projection during a cystogram?

A

Midcoronal plane

45
Q

What is the essential projection used for a cystourethrogram on a male patient?

A

AP oblique

46
Q

Where is the IR centered for the AP oblique projection during a male or female cystourethrogram?

A

Superior border of the pubic symphysis

47
Q

How much is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection during a male or female cystourethrogram?

A

35-40 degrees

48
Q

How is the central ray positioned to free the bladder neck of superimposition during a female cystourethrogram?

A

5 degrees caudad

49
Q

The urinary system includes which of the following?

  1. ) urethra
  2. ) two kidneys
  3. ) suprarenal glands
A

1 and 2

50
Q

The two kidneys lie:

A

Behind the peritoneum

51
Q

The concave medial border of the kidney where the blood vessels and ureter exit is called the:

A

Hilum

52
Q

The abbreviation for the excretory technique of urography is:

A

IVU

53
Q

The radiographic examination of the urethra is called:

A

Cystourethrography

54
Q

The center of the compression device that is placed over the lower ureters during intravenous urography is positioned:

A

At the level of the ASIS

55
Q

Which projection will demonstrate the mobility of the kidneys during intravenous urography?

A

AP

56
Q

Which position may be helpful to demonstrate the lower ureters:

A

Trendelenburg’s 15-20 degrees

57
Q

Which projection would place the right kidney perpendicular to the IR?

A

AP oblique, RPO

58
Q

The respiration phase for radiographs made during intravenous urography is:

A

Suspended expiration

59
Q

Which of the following is considered an operative examination?

A

Retrograde urography

60
Q

What is the central-ray angulation for the AP axial urinary bladder?

A

10-15 degrees caudad

61
Q

What is the central-ray angulation for the PA axial urinary bladder?

A

10-15 degrees cephalad

62
Q

Guidelines from which of the following organizations must be adhered to with regard to venipuncture administration?

  1. ) professional society (ASRT)
  2. ) state agencies
  3. ) the institution
A

1, 2, and 3

63
Q

Before venipuncture is performed, the radiologic technologist must assess which of the following:

  1. ) age of the patient
  2. ) allergic reaction to iodine tincture (if used)
  3. ) adverse reaction to the medication being administered
A

2 and 3

64
Q

What is true with regard to the use of injection needles used for venipuncture?

A

The needle may only be used one time.

65
Q

IV medications are administered via the:

A

Venous system

66
Q

The vessels most often used for venipuncture are found on the:

A
  • Anterior forearm

- Posterior hand

67
Q

The antiseptic used to cleanse the skin before venipuncture should remain on the skin for:

A

30 seconds

68
Q

Before venipuncture, the skin is cleansed in a circular motion. How much of an area is cleansed?

A

2 inch circle

69
Q

What type of motion is used to cleanse the skin before venipuncture?

A

Circular

70
Q

During venipuncture, how far above the site of the puncture is the tourniquet placed?

A

6-8 inches

71
Q

What is the angle of the needle to the skin’s surface during venipuncture?

A

45 degrees

72
Q

After the needle enters the skin during venipuncture, the angle of the needle is reduced how many degrees to the long axis of the vessel?

A

15 degrees

73
Q

When blood or the medication injected into a vessel leaks out, it is called:

A

Extravasation

74
Q

A severe reaction to a medication or contrast medium would be:

a. itching
b. sneezing
c. vomiting
d. anaphylactic reaction

A

Anaphylactic reaction

75
Q

A mild reaction to a medication or contrast medium would be:

a. nausea
b. itching
c. warmth
d. vomiting

A

Warmth

76
Q

A moderate reaction to a medication or contrast medium would be:

a. warmth
b. vomiting
c. sneezing
d. anaphylactic reaction

A

Vomiting

77
Q

Which of the following would indicate that contrast medium has infiltrated the surrounding vessels?

  1. ) swelling
  2. ) burning
  3. ) discoloration
A

1 and 2

78
Q

The most common cause of contrast medium leaking out of a vessel and infiltrating the surrounding tissues is:

A

Needle displacement

79
Q

Which of the following therapies would be applied if contrast medium infiltrates the surrounding tissues?

  1. ) application of pressure immediately
  2. ) application of ice if less than 30 minutes
  3. ) application of a warm compress if more than 30 minutes
A

2 and 3

Rad Lecture (6 decks)

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