Ch. 17 Study Guide Flashcards
How long is the entire alimentary canal? Each section?
Approximately 30 feet.
- Esophagus: 10 inches
- Small Intestine: 22 feet
- Large Intestine: 5 feet
The expanded portion of the terminal esophagus is called the…
Cardiac antrum
The wall of the stomach, small intestine, colon, and the esophagus have how many layers?
4 layers
- Fibrous (outer)
- Muscular
- Submucosal
- Mucosal (inner)
The muscle controlling the opening between the stomach and the duodenum is termed the:
Pyloric Sphincter
Body habitus and stomach location:
- Hypersthenic: Almost horizontal. High.
- Asthenic: Vertical and low.
- Sthenic and hyposthenic: 85% of population.
Function of stomach:
Storage for food. Churning and peristalsis breaks down food.
Function of the small intestine:
Digestion and absorption of food.
Function of the large intestine:
Reabsorption of fluids and elimination of waste products.
The small intestine is divided into how many distinct portions?
3 - Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
The widest portion of the small bowel is the…
Duodenum
The jejunum and ileum are attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen by the:
Mesentary
The vermiform appendix of the colon is attached to the:
Posteromedial side of the cecum
The opening between the small intestine and the large intestine is called the:
Ileocecal valve
The contraction waves by which the digestive tube moves its contents toward the rectum are called:
Peristalsis
How long does it take barium to go through the alimentary canal and reach the rectum?
2-3 hours
Contrast mediums used for exams of the GI tract:
- Barium sulfate (most common)
- Water soluble iodinated contrast (Moves quicker than Barium)
One of the most important technical considerations in GI radiography is:
Exposure time. (Minimize movement/peristalsis)
The patient prep for a morning stomach exam is:
Food and water withheld for 8-9 hours before the exam (stomach to be empty)
What are the advantages of using the double contrast technique for examinations of the stomach?
- Shows small lesions better
- Shows mucousal lining better
Which drug may be given to the patient before a double contrast exam of the stomach to relax the GI tract?
Glucagon or other anticholinergic medications
How much lower should the IR be positioned when the upright position is used for projections of the stomach?
3-6 inches lower
Patient rotation for RAO projection of stomach?
40-70 degrees
Patient rotation for LPO projection of the stomach?
30-60 degrees
What projection or position will demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in profile?
PA oblique RAO
For which projection of the stomach would a positioning sponge be used?
PA oblique projection - Wolf method
At which level is the IR centered for an AP or PA oblique stomach and duodenum?
2” above lower margin of the ribs
What projection will best demonstrate the fundus of the stomach?
AP oblique LPO
Which projection of the stomach demonstrates its anterior and posterior surfaces?
Lateral
Which projection of the stomach would best demonstrate a diaphragmatic herniation?
AP projection, partial or full Trendelenburg
Which positions will best demonstrate the retrogastric portion of the duodenum and jejunum on an AP projection of the stomach?
AP projection
The first small intestine radiograph is taken how many minutes after the patient drinks Barium?
15 minutes
Where is the IR centered for radiographs of the small intestine that are taken within 30 minutes of drinking the Barium?
At the level of L2 (2” above the iliac crests)
Where is the IR centered for delayed radiographs of the small intestine?
At the level of the iliac crests
“High-density” Barium is used primarily for:
- Greater absorption of radiation
- Useful for double contrast exams
Which position should the patient be placed in to insert the enema tip for a Barium enema?
Sims’ position
How far above the anus s the enema bag placed during a Barium enema?
No higher than 24”
What radiographs are taken during a single contrast barium enema?
PA/AP, PA obliques, axial (for sigmoid), and lateral (for rectum)
Methods of performing a double contrast Barium enema include:
- Closed system. Does not require removal and reinsertion of enema tip.
- Welin method. Can be used for early detection of small lesions
Where is the IR centered on AP, PA or radiographs during a Barium enema on each body habitus?
- Sthenic: At level of iliac crests
- Hyperstenic: Higher
- Asthenic: Lower
Which projections are taken during a Barium enema that will demonstrate the rectosigmoid area?
- PA axial (30-40 degrees CAUDAL)
- AP axial (30-40 degrees CEPHALIC)
At what level is the center of the IR positioned for a lateral position of the rectosigmoid area?
ASIS on midcoronal plane
The general term used to describe the surgical procedure of forming an artificial opening to the intestine for the passage of fecal material is:
Enterostomy
Which projection is used for radiographs made during defocagraphy?
Lateral
the esophagus joins the stomach through an opening called the:
Cardiac orifice
The mucosa of the small intestine contains a series of finger-like projections called:
Villi
The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct usually unit to form the:
Hepatopancreatic Ampulla
The large intestine is made up of a series of pouches called the:
Haustra
The pouch-like portion of the large intestine that is situated below the junction of the ileum and the colon is the:
Cecum
