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Evolution > Ch. 18 Evolutionary Medicine > Flashcards

Ch. 18 Evolutionary Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogenetic tools can identify the source of new ___.

A

Pathogens

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2
Q

Scientists can harness evolution to produce ___.

A

Vaccines

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3
Q

Cospeciation of ___ and ___

A

Hosts and parasites

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4
Q

Pathogens have potential for rapid evolution because

A
  • high mutation rate

- high reproductive rate

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5
Q

Pathogens evolve within a ___

A

Single host

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6
Q

___ can vary for different host-pathogen pairs

A

Virulence

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7
Q

High virulence can limit pathogen ___

A

Spread

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8
Q

The flu virus is remarkably ___

A

Simple

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9
Q

Viral reassortment leads to rapid ___

A

Evolution

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10
Q

Flu evolves extremely ___

A

Rapidly

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11
Q

Crowded conditions drive flu ___

A

Outbreaks

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12
Q

Public health efforts can select for less virulence by …

A

Reducing transmission

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13
Q

The immune system ___ with pathogens

A

Coevolves

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14
Q

Sickle cell allele is more common in regions with ___

A

Malaria

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15
Q

Without coevolutionary history hosts may be ___

A

Defenseless

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16
Q

Resistance increases with frequency of..

A

Antibiotic use

17
Q

The effectiveness of most antibiotics is ___

A

Short-lived

18
Q

Bottlenecks can increase frequency of what?

A

Genetic diseases

19
Q

Genetic variation can influence what?

A

Drug metabolism

20
Q

Cancer occurs when…

A

Cells divide uncontrollably

21
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Normal genes that can cause cancer when they acquire certain mutations

22
Q

Oncogenes

A

Mutated versions of proto-oncogenes

23
Q

Hygiene hypothesis

A

Early exposure to pathogens is important

24
Q

Thrifty genotype

A

Genotypes advantageous in the past are detrimental now because of access to calorie-rich foods

25
Q

Thrifty phenotype

A

Nutrient-poor fetal environment can alter lifetime physiology

26
Q

Thrifty epigenotype

A

Epigenetic mechanisms couple fetal nutrition with particular physiology

27
Q

Outbreaks of new ___ are common.

A

Pathogens

Evolution (7 decks)

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