Ch. 18 Evolutionary Medicine Flashcards
Phylogenetic tools can identify the source of new ___.
Pathogens
Scientists can harness evolution to produce ___.
Vaccines
Cospeciation of ___ and ___
Hosts and parasites
Pathogens have potential for rapid evolution because
- high mutation rate
- high reproductive rate
Pathogens evolve within a ___
Single host
___ can vary for different host-pathogen pairs
Virulence
High virulence can limit pathogen ___
Spread
The flu virus is remarkably ___
Simple
Viral reassortment leads to rapid ___
Evolution
Flu evolves extremely ___
Rapidly
Crowded conditions drive flu ___
Outbreaks
Public health efforts can select for less virulence by …
Reducing transmission
The immune system ___ with pathogens
Coevolves
Sickle cell allele is more common in regions with ___
Malaria
Without coevolutionary history hosts may be ___
Defenseless
Resistance increases with frequency of..
Antibiotic use
The effectiveness of most antibiotics is ___
Short-lived
Bottlenecks can increase frequency of what?
Genetic diseases
Genetic variation can influence what?
Drug metabolism
Cancer occurs when…
Cells divide uncontrollably
Proto-oncogenes
Normal genes that can cause cancer when they acquire certain mutations
Oncogenes
Mutated versions of proto-oncogenes
Hygiene hypothesis
Early exposure to pathogens is important
Thrifty genotype
Genotypes advantageous in the past are detrimental now because of access to calorie-rich foods
