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Evolution > Ch. 17 Human Evolution > Flashcards

Ch. 17 Human Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

You are ___ from your mother and father.

A

Descended

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2
Q

You are ___ to your aunt and cousin.

A

Related

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3
Q

Modern humans and our direct and indirect ancestors after our lineage split from the ___.

A

Chimpanzee

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4
Q

Hominoidea

Hominoids

A

Superfamily

Apes

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5
Q

Hominidae

Hominids

A

Family

Great apes

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6
Q

Hominins

A

Members of our lineage after the split from Pan

5-6.3mya

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7
Q

Australopithecus

A

Dates as old as 4.2 mya

First bipead apes

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8
Q

Earlier than 4.2 mya, the border between ___ and ___ becomes unclear.

A

Hominid and hominin

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9
Q

Earliest fossil hominid sites are in ___.

A

Africa

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10
Q

The major groups of sites are:

A

Ethiopia
Kenya
Tanzania
South Africa

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11
Q

Pre-bipedal hope of life

A
  • A skull found in the African nation of Chad
  • Sahelanthropus tchadensis
  • may be common ancestor of both Panini and Homini
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12
Q

Where does this leave us, evolutionary speaking?

A

At a very exciting time as we seek to unravel the history of our species

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13
Q

Our understanding of our genealogy is

A

Presently in flux, and each new fossil find sheds more light on our ancestry

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14
Q

As new species evolved,

A
  • they filled ecological niches
  • either gave rise to descendants better adapted to the changing environment
  • or became extinct
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15
Q

Our own evolutionary history has many ____ side branches

A

Dead-end

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16
Q

Primates are difficult to characterize as an ___

A

Order

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17
Q

They lack the strong ___ found in most other mammalian orders

A

Specializations

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18
Q

Trends in primates

A
  • changes in the skeleton
  • increase in brain size
  • shift toward smaller, fewer, and less specialized teeth
  • evolution of stereoscopic vision
  • grasping hand with opposable thumb
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19
Q

Why did bipedalism become the primary adaptation of hominins?

A
  • carrying behavior
  • reduction of overall heat stress
  • most energy efficient way to travel long distances
  • allows for better vision in open environments and defensive action against predators by freeing hands to throw objects
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20
Q

The primate order is divided into two suborders:

A
  • prosimians, lower primates

- anthropoids, higher primates

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21
Q

Prosimians

A

Lower primates

- lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, and tree shrews

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22
Q

Anthropoids

A

Higher primates

- monkeys, apes, and humans

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23
Q

Old world monkeys

A

Superfamily Cercopithecoidea: macaque, baboon, proboscis monkey

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24
Q

New world monkey

A

Superfamily Ceboidea: howler, spider, and squirrel monkeys

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25
Q

Superfamily Hominoidea

A

Apes, humans

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26
Q

Family Pongidae

A

Chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas

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27
Q

Family Hylobatidae

A

Gibbons, slamangs

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28
Q

Family Hominidae

A

Humans

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29
Q

Most primates are highly ___

A

Social

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30
Q

Why is it important that most primates are highly social?

A
  • helps with defense of the group

- helps with raising young

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31
Q

Tribe gorillini

A

Lineage leading towards gorillas

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32
Q

The lineage leading towards humans and chimps is called ___ but only the lineage leading away from chimps and towards H.sapiens represents the ___.

A

Hominini

Hominins

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33
Q

Modern humans are hominins but are genus ___

A

Homo

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34
Q

Australopiths are Hominins but not genus ___

A

Homo

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35
Q

Chimpanzees are genus ___.

A

Pan

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36
Q

Prosimians are generally small ranging from species the size of a ___ up to those as large as a ___

A

Mouse up to a house cat

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37
Q

Notharctus

A

A primitive Eocene prosimian

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38
Q

As the continents moved northward during the Cenozoic..

A
  • the climate changed from warm tropical to cooler mid-latitude conditions
  • the prosimian population decreased in both abundance and diversity
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39
Q

By the Oligocene, hardly any prosimians were left in the northern continents as..

A

The once widespread Eocene populations migrated south to the warmer latitudes of Africa, Asia, and Southeast Asia

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40
Q

Presently, prosimians are found only in the tropical regions of…

A

Asia, India, Africa, and Madagascar

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41
Q

Prosimians
Pro means ___
Simian means ___

A

Before, apes

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42
Q

Prosimians are the ___ primate lineage, and their fossil record extends back to the ___.

A

Oldest, Paleocene

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43
Q

During the Eocene, prosimians were…

A

Abundant, diversified, and widespread in North America, Europe, and Asia

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44
Q

Anthropoids evolved from the ___ lineage

A

Prosimian

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45
Q

Anthropoids evolved from a prosimian lineage sometime during the late ___ and by the ___ they were well established.

A

Eocene, Oligocene

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46
Q

Anthropoids are divided into ___ superfamilies.

A

Three

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47
Q

Old world monkey
Suborder:
Superfamily:

A

Suborder: Anthropoidea
Superfamily: Cercopithecoidea

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48
Q

Old world monkeys are characterized by..

A
  • close-set, downward-directed nostrils
  • grasping hands
  • nonprehensile tail
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49
Q

Old world monkeys include

A

The macaque, baboon, and proboscis monkey

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50
Q

Aside from us, ___ are the most widespread and populous primate on earth

A

Macaques

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51
Q

Present-day old world monkeys are distributed in..

A

The tropical regions of Africa and Asia

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52
Q

Present-day old world monkeys are thought to have evolved from..

A

A primitive anthropoid ancestor, such as Aegyptopithecus, sometime during the Oligocene

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53
Q

Much of our knowledge about the early evolutionary history of anthropoids comes from..

A

Fossils found in the Fayum district, a small desert area southwest of Cairo, Egypt

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54
Q

During the late Eocene and Oligocene, this region of Africa was..

A
  • A lush, tropical rainforest

- supported a diverse and abundant fauna and flora

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55
Q

Within this forest lived many different..

A

Arboreal anthropoids as well as various prosimians

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56
Q

One of the earliest anthropoids, Aegyptopithecus, is

A
  • a possible ancestor of the old world monkeys
  • a small, fruit-eating, anorak primate, about 5kg
  • monkey characteristics and ape features
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57
Q

What is the closest link we currently have to old world primates

A

Aegyptopithecus

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58
Q

New world monkey
Suborder:
Superfamily:

A

Suborder: Anthropoidea
Superfamily: Ceboidea

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59
Q

New world monkeys are found only in..

A

Central and South America

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60
Q

New world monkeys probably evolved from..

A

African monkeys

61
Q

New world monkeys are characterized by..

A
  • prehensile tail
  • flattish face
  • widely separated nostrils
  • include the howler, spider, and squirrel monkeys
62
Q

Great apes
Suborder:
Superfamily:

A

Suborder: Anthropoidea
Superfamily: Hominoidea

63
Q

The great apes

A

Family: Pongidae

- chimps, orangutans, and gorillas

64
Q

The lesser apes

A

Family: Hylobatidae

- gibbons and siamangs

65
Q

The Hominoid lineage diverged from..

A

Old world monkeys

66
Q

The Hominoid lineage diverged from old world monkeys sometime before the ___, but exactly when is still being debated

A

Miocene

67
Q

As the climate changed, the primate ___ also changed

A

Populations

68
Q

Prosimians and monkeys became ___, whereas Hominoids diversified in the newly forming environments and became ___.

A

Rare, abundant

69
Q

Ape populations became reproductively isolated from each other within the various forests leading to..

A
  • adaptive radiation

- increased diversity among the Hominoids

70
Q

During the Miocene, Africa collided with Eurasia producing..

A
  • Additional changes in the climate

- provided opportunities for migration of animals between the two landmasses

71
Q

All Hominins are ___

A

Bipedal

72
Q

Ischium bone in gorillas vs. humans

A

Gorillas: long and the entire pelvis is tilted toward the horizontal
Humans: much shorter and the pelvis is vertical

73
Q

Upright posture evolved before ___

A

Large brains

74
Q

Other features that distinguish Hominins from some Hominoids include..

A
  • a reduced face
  • reduced canine teeth
  • omnivorous feeding
  • increased manual dexterity
  • use of sophisticated tools
75
Q

At present, no clear consensus exists on the evolutionary history of the hominin lineage partly because..

A
  • of the incomplete fossil record of Hominins, as well as new discoveries
  • because some species are known only from partial specimens or fragments of bone
76
Q

Because there is no clear consensus, scientists even disagree on..

A

The total number of hominin species

77
Q

Skull discovered in Chad that is near 7 mya makes it the..

A

Oldest known hominid yet unearthed and very close to the time when humans diverged from our closest-living relative, the chimp

78
Q

Currently, most paleoanthropologists accept that the human-chimp population separated from gorillas about ____.

A

8 mya

79
Q

Humans separated from chimps about ___

A

5 mya

80
Q

The human/chimp split likely occurred from a large what?

A

Common ancestral population

81
Q

The oldest, Sahelanthropus tchadensis shows a mosaic of primitive and advanced features

A
  • small brain case and most of the teeth are chimp like
  • nose, which is fairly flat, and the prominent brow ridges are features only seen, until now, uh the human genus homo
  • may have been bipedal
82
Q

Ardi

A
  • 5.8-5.2 mya

- not bipedal so not a clear ancestor

83
Q

Five species of Australopithecus

A
  • A. Anamensis
  • A. Afarensis
  • A. Africanus
  • A. Robustus
  • A. Boisei
84
Q

Many paleontologists accept the evolutionary scheme in which..

A

A. Anamensis, the oldest, is ancestral to A. Afarensis, who in turn is ancestral to A. Africanus, as well as the side branch represented by A. Robustus and A. Boisei

85
Q

What is the oldest known Australopithecine?

A

A. Anamensis

86
Q

A. Anamensis

A
  • discovered at Kanapoi
  • 4.2 mya bipedal species
  • about 4.9 ft tall and 110 lbs
87
Q

A. Afarensis

A
  • 3.9-3 mya
  • fully bipedal
  • exhibited great variability in size and weight
88
Q

Lucy

A

A. Afarensis

89
Q

Hominin footprints were preserved in ___ in Tanzania.

A

Volcanic ash

90
Q

A. Africanus

A
  • 3-2.3mya

- flatter face and somewhat larger brain

91
Q

A. Afarensis had a brain size of

A

380-450 cubic centimeters

92
Q

Chimp brain size

A

300-400 cc

93
Q

Present-day human brain size

A

1350 cc average

94
Q

The skull of A. Afarensis retained many ape like features

A
  • massive brow ridges

- forward-jutting jaw

95
Q

Heavily enameled molars

A

An adaptation to chewing fruits, seeds, and roots

96
Q

It appears the limbs of ___ may have not been as well adapted for bipedalism as those of ___.

A

A. Africanus, A. Afarensis

97
Q

Skull of A. Africanus

A

Known as the Taung Child

  • discovered in South Africa
  • marks beginning of modern paleoanthropology
98
Q

Robust species

A

A. Boisei

A. Robustus

99
Q

A. Boisei lived..

A

2.6-1 mya

100
Q

A. Robustus lived..

A

2-1.2 mya

101
Q

A. Boisei

A
  • Powerful upper body
  • distinctive bony crest on the top of its skull
  • flat face
  • largest molars of any Hominins
102
Q

A. Robustus

A
  • smaller than A. Boisei
  • flat face
  • crown on top of its skull had an elevated bony crest that provided additional area for the attachment of strong jaw muscles
  • broad flat molars indicated it was a vegatarian
103
Q

Larger brains are associated with what?

A

Higher intelligence

104
Q

Why did we need to be intelligent?

A
  • changing environmental conditions require changes of plans
  • complex tool using requires a more complex brain
  • non-random mating
  • primate social systems can reward intelligent social behavior
105
Q

Non-random mating

A
  • keeping track of who your mate is sleeping with ensures clearer paternity
  • cheating requires more intelligence too
  • both can lead to successful mating with desirable mates and dependable energy investment in mate pairing
106
Q

A selection for larger brains would run up against what problem?

A

A baby’s larger head needing to pass through the bones surrounding the birth canal

107
Q

The solution for the problem of a baby’s larger head needing to pass through the bones surrounding the birth canal in place today is..

A
  • Human babies are born very prematurely compared to the offspring of our closest relatives
  • the still soft head of a new-born infant is deformed into a tube as it is squeezed through the birth canal
108
Q

The price humans pay for the pre-mature babies is

A

Increased maternal care

109
Q

Humans did not evolve from ___.

A

Apes

110
Q

Humans and their ancestors benefited especially because longer periods of immaturity were needed to allow what?

A

Brain growth and learning

111
Q

Homo habilis

A
  • The earliest known member of our own genus Homo
  • lived 2.5-1.6 mya
  • remains first found in Tanzania
  • coexisted with A. Africanus for about 200k years
112
Q

Homo habilis brain size

A

700 cc

113
Q

H. Habilis had a larger brain than its ancestors but smaller ___.

A

Teeth

114
Q

Homo erectus

A
  • widely distributed
  • migrated from Africa during Pleistocene
  • found not only in Africa, but also in Europe, China, and Indonesia
  • evolved in Africa 1.8 mya, moved into southeastern and Eastern Asia 1mya
  • survived until about 100k years ago
115
Q

Who were the first hunters of our lineage?

A

Homo erectus

116
Q

Being the first hunters permitted a large expansion..

A

In and out of Africa

117
Q

Homo erectus brain size

A

800-1300 cc

118
Q

Homo erectus characteristics

A
  • skull was thick-walled
  • face was massive
  • prominent brow ridges
  • teeth slightly larger than those of present-day humans
  • comparable size of modern humans
119
Q

The archaeological record shows that H. Erectus was a ___.

A

Tool maker

120
Q

Homo sapiens evolved from who?

A

Homo erectus

121
Q

Perhaps the most famous of all fossil humans are the ___.

A

Neanderthals

122
Q

Neanderthals inhabited Europe and the near east from about…

A

200k to 30k years ago

123
Q

Some paleoanthropologists regard the Neanderthals..

A
  • as a variety or subspecies of our own species

- others regard them as a separate species

124
Q

Neanderthals name comes from the first specimens found in..

A

The neander valley near Düsseldorf

125
Q

The most notable difference between Neanderthals and present-day humans is in the ___

A

Skull

126
Q

Neanderthal characteristics

A
  • skulls were long and low with heavy brow ridges, a projecting mouth, and a weak, receding chin
  • brain was slightly larger on average than our own
127
Q

The remains of Neanderthals are found chiefly in..

A

Caves and hutlike rock shelters

128
Q

Europe’s Neanderthals were the first humans to move into truly ___ climates

A

Cold

129
Q

About 30-40000 years ago, humans closely resembling modern Europeans movies into the region inhabited by..

A

The Neanderthals and completely replaced them

130
Q

The name given to the successors of the Neanderthals in France

A

Cro-Magnons

131
Q

Cro-Magnons lived..

A

35-10 kya

132
Q

During the period of the Cro-Magnons, the development of..

A

Art and technology far exceeded anything the world had seen before

133
Q

Highly skilled nomadic hunters, Cro-Magnons followed the herds in their ___.

A

Seasonal migrations

134
Q

Cro-Magnons used a variety of specialized tools in their hunts, including the..

A

Bow and arrow

135
Q

Using paints made from ___ and ___, Cro-Magnon people painted hundreds of scenes in the ceilings and walls of caves in France and Spain.

A

Manganese and iron oxides

136
Q

Out of Africa 2 total replacement

A

Early modern humans have a common female ancestor in Africa 200k years ago, whose offspring then expanded from Africa to Eurasia and replaced all the other Hominins which existed everywhere on earth

137
Q

AMH could have out-competed because their ___ and ___ was superior.

A

Hunting and technology

138
Q

Multiregional view

A
  • early humans didn’t have an isolated origin in Africa

- evolved independently in separate regions throughout Eurasia

139
Q

Strict multiregionalism is ruled out by..

A

Mitochondrial and y-chromosome common ancestry which is African and recent

140
Q

The “continuity” model

A

Proposes that some level of gene flow occurred between AHM and Neanderthals

141
Q

Occasional contact and interbreeding between these populations enabled our species to..

A

Maintain its overall cohesiveness, while still preserving the regional differences in people we see today

142
Q

Rebecca Cann argued that..

A

The geographic region in which modern people have lived the longest should have the greatest amount of genetic diversity

143
Q

___ has the greatest human genetic diversity of any region on earth.

A

Africa

144
Q

Cann concluded that from the present diversity of mitochondrial DNA, that all humans shared a common female ancestor about ____ years ago in ___.

A

200,000 years ago in Africa

145
Q

Like homo erectus, East Asians today commonly have what while Africans and Europeans rarely do

A

Shovel-shaped incisors

146
Q

Outside of Africa, ___ does have the greatest genetic diversity

A

Asia

147
Q

New assimilation model

A
  • middle ground and incorporated both of the old models
  • first modern humans did evolve in Africa, but when they migrated into other regions they did not simply replace existing human populations
  • they interbred to a limited degree with late archaic humans resulting in hybrid populations
148
Q

In Europe, the first modern humans appear in the archaeological record rather suddenly around ___ years ago

A

45-40k

149
Q

Denisovans

A

New line of the human family tree

- little finger bone from Denisova cave

Evolution (7 decks)

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