Ch 18-22

Question 1

When and What was the 13th Amendment?

Answer 1

It abolished slavery throughout the entire US. 1865

Question 2

When and What was the 14th Amendment?

Answer 2

It was primarily intended to establish equal civil rights for former slaves. It had 3 major provisions: the Citizenship Clause, the Due Process Clause, and the Equal Protection Clause. It also had 5 sections. passed: 1866, ratified: 1868

Question 3

When and What was the 15th Amendment?

Answer 3

It guaranteed suffrage to all males regardless of race. passed: 1869, ratified: 1870

Question 4

14th Amendment clauses:

Answer 4

The Citizenship Clause: granted citizenship to ALL persons born or naturalized in the US.
The Due Process Clause: declared that states may not deny any person “life, liberty or property, without the due process of law.”
The Equal Jurisdiction Clause: said that a state may not deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Question 5

Election of 1876/ Compromise of 1877:

Answer 5

Republican Rutherford B. Hayes vs. Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. Tilden won the popular votes and had a 19 vote lead on the electoral votes with only 20 left to vote. These 20 were in dispute in 3 states: Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina. Each party had claimed their candidate had won the state, while in Oregon, one elector was declared illegal and replaced. Ultimately after a long politically and legally disputed “battle” Hayes received the votes and won the presidency by 1 vote.

Supposedly, a deal was struck in order to resolve the electoral issue. The Republicans said that if the South got Hayes elected President and Garfield elected Speaker of the House, then they would remove all federal troops from the South…. Only the last one happened.

Question 6

What are Black Codes?

Answer 6

They were designed to replace the social controls of slavery that had been removed by the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, and were thus intended to assure continuance of white supremacy.

Question 7

Johnson’s Plan

Answer 7

amnesty to all of the South except for Confederate leaders, anybody who wouldn’t make the oath, or anyone with over $20K.
Every state will be reconstructed. Revoke ordinance of succession, abolish slavery, ratify the 13th amendment, all war debts had to be taken care of by states.

Question 8

Johnson’s Impeachment

Answer 8

He repeatedly went against Congress and shut down acts such as the Reconstruction Acts (designed to provide suffrage to freed slaves and prevent former Southern rebels from regaining control of the state governments.) He also repeatedly gave pardons to Ex-Rebels. He disrupted the attempts to block the rise of Southern leaders in power. Finally, when the Tenure of Office Act of 1867 was passed (made it impossible for the president to dismiss important government officials without the permission of the Senate.) He defied the act which caused him to be Impeached. Due to the changing of minds, he missed impeachment by 1 vote. He continued to veto bills, but Congress just kept overriding his vetoes.

Question 9

2 Basic Questions about Reconstruction:

Answer 9

At the end of the war, were seceded states in or out of the Union once militarily defeated?
Was the process of Reconstruction supposed to be guided by the President or by the Constitution?

Question 10

Lincoln’s Plan:

Answer 10

how to heal the country.
10% plan: brought Tennessee, Louisiana, and Arkansas back into the Union. oath of loyalty.
“all confederates, except for high civil and military officials, could regain citizenship and confiscated property if they sign an oath of loyalty. Then when 10% of the people who voted in 1860 make the oath, they could set up a government to be recognized by Congress.”

Question 11

Wade-Davis Bill of 1864:

Answer 11

said that Congress, not the President is in charge of the Reconstruction of Confederate states. A majority of the states, not 10%, had to swear allegiance before setting up a government. New constitutions must include the prohibition of slavery, and that civil and military officials can not vote. No debts are accepted.

This was pocket vetoed by Lincoln.

Question 12

The 5 reasons Congress didn’t allow states back into the Union.

Answer 12

1) during the war, Republicans gained political power. They were threatened by the return of Southern Democrats.
2) business people of the North were afraid that the South would come back and oppose the protective tariff, easy credit, government subsidies of railroads and other businesses, and hard money policy.
3) humanitarians- the Northern humanitarians didn’t want to see the South regain control over the affairs of the free Negro until the Negro was guaranteed political and social equality.
4) Congress had to reestablish prominence over the Executive Branch.
5) psychological factors- Radical Republicans, the North had won on the battlefield, they wanted to symbolically punish the South, didn’t want to let them forget that a SOUTHERNER assassinated Lincoln.

Question 13

3 ways that the former slaves were allowed to work after the war:

Answer 13

Sharecropping: each free slave goes to a former slave-owner and farm the land. They have to provide all the materials but share the profits with the landlord.
Lien-cropping: mortgage demanded by merchant. Pay to work, then get the profits.
Tenant Farming: free slave provides all the labor, and the landlord provides all the supplies. the landlord gives money to the tenant farmer.

Question 14

Force Act

Answer 14

enforces the 14th and 15th Amendments.
all cases have to be in federal courts, not state courts.
1870

Question 15

1st Reconstruction Act: 1867:

Answer 15

no legal government in the South except Tenn.
South is divided into 5 military districts led by military leaders.
each Southern state must ratify the 14th Amendment before entrance into the Union.
no state can be reconstructed until Negros and Whites vote on a constitution that gave Negro suffrage and is acceptable to Congress.

Question 16

Command of Army Act

Answer 16

protects program from presidential instruction- gives it to the generals.
-unconstitutional

Question 17

Seward:

Answer 17

Seward’s Foley
annexed midway islands in the pacific.
bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2mil.
purchased the rights to a canal in South America

Question 18

1896: Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 18

a

Question 19

Transcontinental Railroads:

Answer 19

Union Pacific: starts in Nebraska heads west.
Central Pacific: starts in California heads east.

by 1900: Northern Pac., Southern Pac., Great Northern, Atchison-Topeka-Santa Fe.

Question 20

“Monopoly Railroads”:

Answer 20

Pennsylvania, Erie, Shortline (New York Central), B+O

Question 21

Forms of Combination:

Answer 21

1) Corporation- chartered by states, easy access to raise capitol by shares of stock- limited losses.
2) Pools- gentleman’s agreements.
3) Trust- stock of corporations are assigned to trustees who get to manage corporations as a company. Horizontal trust: all corporations make the same stuff. Vertical trust: all phases of production and marketing are by the same trust.
4) Holding Company- buy 51% of the voting stocks of corporations, then decide whether or not to control the corporation. ex. US Steel, American Sugar, Standard Oil.

Question 22

Panic of 1873:

Answer 22

over-extension of credit
two large companies failed: New York Warehouse and Securities Co. and J. Cook Bank.
stocks fell
railroad companies weakened
unemployment
mills closed
bankrupt companies until 1877

Question 23

Pendelton Act 1883

Answer 23

1st civil service act

end of the spoils system

Question 24

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

Answer 24

Chinese immigrants were forced out of jobs because they put up too much competition for the “native-born” Americans.
Vetoed by Arthur- congress passes.

Question 25

Accomplishments of Grover Cleveland:

Answer 25

repealed the tenure of office act.
vetoed the Dependent Pension Bill 1887
expanded the Navy
starts reclaiming government land from the railroad companies.
Interstate Commerce Act (didn’t enforce it)
Line of Succession
Dawes Act 1887: said that if any Indian gave up their tribe, they would get land and citizenship.

Question 26

Interstate Commerce Act 1887

Answer 26

railroads can’t charge discriminatory rates
can’t form pooling agreements
had to make schedules and rates public
commission had to be set up to inquire into the practices of the railroads.

Problems: weakly written, vague language, commission had no authority to punish railroad companies, commission couldn’t make people testify.

Question 27

Growth of the West:

Answer 27

1)lure of wealth:
gold in CA in 1848 and 1849, fur, silver.
2)transcontinental railroads:
land sales, provide access to eastern markets.
3)government land grants:
Homestead Act: anyone, male, 21+ would get 160 acres of land if they moved west and farmed for 5 years- dwelling of 12 x 14
Timber-culture Act: more land if you plant trees on your land.
Desert-land Act: more land if you irrigate.
Timber-Stone Act:
4)killing of the Indians:
Indian wars: Sioux uprising in MN, Sandcreek massacre in CO, Boseman Trail Uprising, Little Big Horn, Wounded Knee.
5)miners:
gold in the late 40s, silver, gold in Alaska in 70s-90s, Black Hills.
6)cattlemen
7)farmers

Question 28

What were the Reconstruction Acts?

Answer 28

Designed to give suffrage to freed slaves and prevent the rise of rebel southern leaders. 1867