Ch 17 vocabulary Flashcards
Enclosure movement
wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land. The enclosure movement led to improved crop production, such as the rotation of crops.
Crop rotation
the system of varying successive crops in a definite order on the same ground, especially to avoid depleting the soil and to control weeds, diseases, and pests.
Industrial revolution
The rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries, brought about by the introduction of machinery. It was characterized by the use of steam power, the growth of factories, and the mass production of manufactured goods.
Factors of production
an economic term that describes the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in order to make an economic profit. The factors of production include land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship.
Mechanization
the process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery. In an early engineering text a machine is defined as follows: … In some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools.
Factor system
a fundamental tool of Otto Schreier’s classical theory for group extension problem. It consists of a set of automorphisms and a binary function on a group satisfing certain condition (so-called cocycle condition).
Cottage industry
a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person’s home.
Entrepreneur
a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.
Tenements
a room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments.
Mass production
the manufacture of large quantities of standardized products, frequently utilizing assembly line technology. Mass production refers to the process of creating large numbers of similar products efficiently.
Fordism
a term widely used to describe (1) the system of mass production that was pioneered in the early 20th century by the Ford Motor Company or (2) the typical postwar mode of economic growth and its associated political and social order in advanced capitalism.
Corporation
a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.
Monopoly
the exclusive possession or contr
Strikes
hit forcibly and deliberately with one’s hand or a weapon or other implement.
Unions
the action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context.
Collective
done by people acting as a group.
Bargaining
negotiate the terms and conditions of a transaction.
Eli whitney
an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South.
James watt
a derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736–1819). The unit is defined as 1 joule per second and can be used to express the rate of energy conversion or transfer with respect to time.
Henry Bessemer
was an English inventor, whose steelmaking process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century. He also established the town of Sheffield as a major industrial centre.
Richard Arkwright
an inventor and a leading entrepreneur during the early Industrial Revolution.
Robert fulton
an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Claremont.
Samuel Morse
an American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs.
Henry ford
an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.
Jp morgan
an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in late 19th and early 20th Century United States.
Immigration
a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country.
Leisure
free time.
Emigration
the act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad.
Push and pull factors
Push and pull factors are those factors which either forcefully push people into migration or attract them. A push factor is forceful, and a factor which relates to the country from which a person migrates. It is generally some problem which results in people wanting to migrate.
Textiles
a type of cloth or woven fabric.
Middle class
the social group between the upper and working classes, including professional and business workers and their families.
Jane addam
a pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women’s suffrage and world peace
Child labor laws
The federal child labor provisions, authorized by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938, also known as the child labor laws, were enacted to ensure that when young people work, the work is safe and does not jeopardize their health, well-being or educational opportunities.
Stuart mill
was the most influential English language philosopher of the nineteenth century. He was a naturalist, a utilitarian, and a liberal, whose work explores the consequences of a thoroughgoing empiricist outlook.
Utilitarianism
an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility. “Utility” is defined in various ways, usually in terms of the well-being of sentient entities, such as human beings and other animal
Meiji restoration
also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meij
