Ch 17 vocabulary

Question 1

Enclosure movement

Answer 1

wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land. The enclosure movement led to improved crop production, such as the rotation of crops.

Question 2

Crop rotation

Answer 2

the system of varying successive crops in a definite order on the same ground, especially to avoid depleting the soil and to control weeds, diseases, and pests.

Question 3

Industrial revolution

Answer 3

The rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries, brought about by the introduction of machinery. It was characterized by the use of steam power, the growth of factories, and the mass production of manufactured goods.

Question 4

Factors of production

Answer 4

an economic term that describes the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in order to make an economic profit. The factors of production include land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship.

Question 5

Mechanization

Answer 5

the process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery. In an early engineering text a machine is defined as follows: … In some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools.

Question 6

Factor system

Answer 6

a fundamental tool of Otto Schreier’s classical theory for group extension problem. It consists of a set of automorphisms and a binary function on a group satisfing certain condition (so-called cocycle condition).

Question 7

Cottage industry

Answer 7

a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person’s home.

Question 8

Entrepreneur

Answer 8

a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

Question 9

Tenements

Answer 9

a room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments.

Question 10

Mass production

Answer 10

the manufacture of large quantities of standardized products, frequently utilizing assembly line technology. Mass production refers to the process of creating large numbers of similar products efficiently.

Question 11

Fordism

Answer 11

a term widely used to describe (1) the system of mass production that was pioneered in the early 20th century by the Ford Motor Company or (2) the typical postwar mode of economic growth and its associated political and social order in advanced capitalism.

Question 12

Corporation

Answer 12

a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

Question 13

Monopoly

Answer 13

the exclusive possession or contr

Question 14

Strikes

Answer 14

hit forcibly and deliberately with one’s hand or a weapon or other implement.

Question 15

Unions

Answer 15

the action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context.

Question 16

Collective

Answer 16

done by people acting as a group.

Question 17

Bargaining

Answer 17

negotiate the terms and conditions of a transaction.

Question 18

Eli whitney

Answer 18

an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South.

Question 19

James watt

Answer 19

a derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736–1819). The unit is defined as 1 joule per second and can be used to express the rate of energy conversion or transfer with respect to time.

Question 20

Henry Bessemer

Answer 20

was an English inventor, whose steelmaking process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century. He also established the town of Sheffield as a major industrial centre.

Question 21

Richard Arkwright

Answer 21

an inventor and a leading entrepreneur during the early Industrial Revolution.

Question 22

Robert fulton

Answer 22

an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Claremont.

Question 23

Samuel Morse

Answer 23

an American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs.

Question 24

Henry ford

Answer 24

an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.

Question 25

Jp morgan

Answer 25

an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in late 19th and early 20th Century United States.

Question 26

Immigration

Answer 26

a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country.

Question 27

Leisure

Answer 27

free time.

Question 28

Emigration

Answer 28

the act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad.

Question 29

Push and pull factors

Answer 29

Push and pull factors are those factors which either forcefully push people into migration or attract them. A push factor is forceful, and a factor which relates to the country from which a person migrates. It is generally some problem which results in people wanting to migrate.

Question 30

Textiles

Answer 30

a type of cloth or woven fabric.

Question 31

Middle class

Answer 31

the social group between the upper and working classes, including professional and business workers and their families.

Question 32

Jane addam

Answer 32

a pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women’s suffrage and world peace

Question 33

Child labor laws

Answer 33

The federal child labor provisions, authorized by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938, also known as the child labor laws, were enacted to ensure that when young people work, the work is safe and does not jeopardize their health, well-being or educational opportunities.

Question 34

Stuart mill

Answer 34

was the most influential English language philosopher of the nineteenth century. He was a naturalist, a utilitarian, and a liberal, whose work explores the consequences of a thoroughgoing empiricist outlook.

Question 35

Utilitarianism

Answer 35

an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility. “Utility” is defined in various ways, usually in terms of the well-being of sentient entities, such as human beings and other animal

Question 36

Meiji restoration

Answer 36

also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meij