Ch. 17: Building Arguments

Question 1

Argument

Answer 1

Process of advancing claims supported by evidence and reasoning

Question 2

Argument Model

Answer 2

Developed for understanding the critical components of effective arguments; these elements include claims, evidence, evidence credibility statements, warrants, qualifiers, and rebuttals

Question 3

Claims

Answer 3

Assertions or points that a speaker advocates

Question 4

Evidence

Answer 4

Used to substantiate a speaker’s claim and may take several forms including statistics, analogies, facts, examples, and testimony

Question 5

Evidence and Credibility Statements

Answer 5

Brief statements that establish the quality of the information you are using to support your ideas

Question 6

Qualifier

Answer 6

To admit exceptions and demonstrate that argumentation is not exact science

Question 7

Rebuttals

Answer 7

To state the other sides or counterarguments to your position, and attack them directly

Question 8

Warrants

Answer 8

Provide the justification and reasoning to connect the evidence with your claims

Question 9

Counterarguments

Answer 9

The other sides of your opinion

Question 10

Credibility

Answer 10

Audience’s perceptions about the speaker’s competence, character and goodwill

Question 11

Character

Answer 11

Listeners perceive a speaker to possess good character if the speaker is honest, trustworthy, and have the listener’s best interests in mind

Question 12

Competence

Answer 12

Listeners perceive a speaker to be competent if the speaker is prepared, organized, and knowledgeable

Question 13

Derived Credibility

Answer 13

Credibility a speaker develops during the speech

Question 14

Goodwill

Answer 14

Audience’s perception of how much the speaker is concerned about them

Question 15

Initial Credibility

Answer 15

Credibility before the speaker gives the speech

Question 16

Terminal Credibility

Answer 16

Credibility given to a speaker at the end of a speech

Question 17

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 17

To begin with a generalization and move logically to an application on a specific case

Question 18

Enthymeme

Answer 18

A truncated version of a syllogism

Question 19

Ethos

Answer 19

Credibility

Question 20

Fallacy

Answer 20

Argument is based on unsound reasoning or evidence

Question 21

Ad Hominem

Answer 21

Fallacy occurs when a speaker attacks the character of a person making an argument rather than the argument itself

Question 22

Appeal to Authority

Answer 22

Fallacy that rests on the assumption that because an authority figure says something, it must be true

Question 23

Bandwagon

Answer 23

Fallacy suggests that something is correct, good, or true because many other people agree with it or are doing it

Question 24

False Dilemma

Answer 24

Fallacy that asserts that a complicated question has only two answers when more actually exist

Question 25

Red Herring

Answer 25

Fallacy that introduces irrelevant information into an argument in an attempt to mask the real issue under discussion

Question 26

Slippery Slope

Answer 26

Fallacy occurs when a speaker asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another down a steep slope toward disaster

Question 27

Hasty Generalization

Answer 27

A fallacy of reasoning that occurs when the conclusion offered is based on insufficient evidence

Question 28

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 28

To begin with specific instances and formulate a reasonable generalization or conclusion from them

Question 29

Logos

Answer 29

The rational proof to support an argument

Question 30

Multisided Message

Answer 30

To present multiple perspectives of the controversial issue

Question 31

One-sided Messages

Answer 31

Give arguments in favor of the speaker's position on the issue

Question 32

Pathos

Answer 32

Appeals to emotion

Question 33

Premises

Answer 33

Declarative statements in an argument

Question 34

Rational Proof

Answer 34

A series of premises that lead to a conclusion

Question 35

Syllogism

Answer 35

Three-part argument containing a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion