Ch. 17: Building Arguments Flashcards

1
Q

Argument

A

Process of advancing claims supported by evidence and reasoning

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2
Q

Argument Model

A

Developed for understanding the critical components of effective arguments; these elements include claims, evidence, evidence credibility statements, warrants, qualifiers, and rebuttals

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3
Q

Claims

A

Assertions or points that a speaker advocates

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4
Q

Evidence

A

Used to substantiate a speaker’s claim and may take several forms including statistics, analogies, facts, examples, and testimony

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5
Q

Evidence and Credibility Statements

A

Brief statements that establish the quality of the information you are using to support your ideas

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6
Q

Qualifier

A

To admit exceptions and demonstrate that argumentation is not exact science

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7
Q

Rebuttals

A

To state the other sides or counterarguments to your position, and attack them directly

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8
Q

Warrants

A

Provide the justification and reasoning to connect the evidence with your claims

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9
Q

Counterarguments

A

The other sides of your opinion

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10
Q

Credibility

A

Audience’s perceptions about the speaker’s competence, character and goodwill

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11
Q

Character

A

Listeners perceive a speaker to possess good character if the speaker is honest, trustworthy, and have the listener’s best interests in mind

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12
Q

Competence

A

Listeners perceive a speaker to be competent if the speaker is prepared, organized, and knowledgeable

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13
Q

Derived Credibility

A

Credibility a speaker develops during the speech

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14
Q

Goodwill

A

Audience’s perception of how much the speaker is concerned about them

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15
Q

Initial Credibility

A

Credibility before the speaker gives the speech

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16
Q

Terminal Credibility

A

Credibility given to a speaker at the end of a speech

17
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

To begin with a generalization and move logically to an application on a specific case

18
Q

Enthymeme

A

A truncated version of a syllogism

19
Q

Ethos

A

Credibility

20
Q

Fallacy

A

Argument is based on unsound reasoning or evidence

21
Q

Ad Hominem

A

Fallacy occurs when a speaker attacks the character of a person making an argument rather than the argument itself

22
Q

Appeal to Authority

A

Fallacy that rests on the assumption that because an authority figure says something, it must be true

23
Q

Bandwagon

A

Fallacy suggests that something is correct, good, or true because many other people agree with it or are doing it

24
Q

False Dilemma

A

Fallacy that asserts that a complicated question has only two answers when more actually exist

25
Q

Red Herring

A

Fallacy that introduces irrelevant information into an argument in an attempt to mask the real issue under discussion

26
Q

Slippery Slope

A

Fallacy occurs when a speaker asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another down a steep slope toward disaster

27
Q

Hasty Generalization

A

A fallacy of reasoning that occurs when the conclusion offered is based on insufficient evidence

28
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

To begin with specific instances and formulate a reasonable generalization or conclusion from them

29
Q

Logos

A

The rational proof to support an argument

30
Q

Multisided Message

A

To present multiple perspectives of the controversial issue

31
Q

One-sided Messages

A

Give arguments in favor of the speaker’s position on the issue

32
Q

Pathos

A

Appeals to emotion

33
Q

Premises

A

Declarative statements in an argument

34
Q

Rational Proof

A

A series of premises that lead to a conclusion

35
Q

Syllogism

A

Three-part argument containing a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion