Ch 16; Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Question 1

normal full term of pregnancy

• weeks
• weight of infant

Answer 1

• > 37 weeks

- > 5.5lbs usually 7.5lbs

Question 2

pre-term

• weeks
• birth weight
• complications

Answer 2

• before 37 weeks
• <5.5lbs
• medical & nutritional problems

Question 3

small for gestational age means what

Answer 3

weight less than expected for gestational age

Question 4

LBW; Low Birth Weight

• linked with what
• more likely to have medical and nutritional complications related to: (4)

Answer 4

• supoptimal maternal nutrition and calorie intake
  1) blood glucose control
  2) temp reg
  3) growth & devel in early weeks following birth
  4) more body fat in childhood -> obesity related chronic diseases

Question 5

critical period for cell development (2)

Answer 5

1) trimesters
- most critical period during FIRST trimester
- spontaneous abortion
2) nourishing zygote, embryo, and fetus
- placenta
- umbilical cord

Question 6

energy requirement during pregnancy increase to due (4)

Answer 6

1) increased maternal body mass
2) fetal growth
3) increased cardiac work
4) increased respiratory work

Question 7

energy needs; how many extra kcal during 2nd and 3rd trimester
-what is NOT recommended

Answer 7

• 350 kcal in 2nd

- 450 kcal in 3rd

Question 8

nutrients needed for building new cells (5)

Answer 8

protein, fatty acids, zinc, folate & b-12, and iron

Question 9

prego (lbs you can gain)

• underweight
• normal
• overweight
• obese

Answer 9

under: 28-40 lbs
normal: 25-35
overweight: 15-25
obese: 11-20

Question 10

nutrients needed for bone & tooth devel (2)

Answer 10

calcium & vit D

Question 11

myth of “cravings”

Answer 11

• unknown cause

- no evidence that they’re related to nutrient deficiencies

Question 12

pica

• what it is
• dangers

Answer 12

• eating disorder by compulsion to eat things that ARE NOT FOOD
• dangers: toxic, block intestines, impair mineral absorption

Question 13

pagophagia

Answer 13

the want / eating of ice or freezer frost

Question 14

geophagia

Answer 14

eating of clay or dirt

Question 15

amylophagia

Answer 15

eating dried paste (chalk, laundry starch, or corn starch)

Question 16

diet & exercise for pregnancy

• greatly increase what, but only slightly increase what
• women who exercise

Answer 16

• greatly increase nutrient needs, but only slightly increase calorie needs
• women who exercise: may need more than typical increase of 350-450 kcal/d

Question 17

healthy diet for prego mom

• kcal
• what 2 aids can help provide assistance
• folic acid intake daily
• dietary fiber intake
• exclude what

Answer 17

• provide sufficient kcal’s
• WIC & SNAP can assist in healthy diet
• 400 mg folic acid daily
• 25-35 dietary fiber g/d
• exclude alcohol & coffee

Question 18

benefits of physical activity when prego (4)

-& recommended activity time

Answer 18

1) improved cardiovascular function
2) easier labor
3) improved attitude
4) reduce risk of gestational diabetes
- moderate activity, 30 min a day

Question 19

diseases affecting pregnancy outcome (3)

Answer 19

1) AIDS
- ONLY disease recommended not to breast feed
2) preg-induced hypertension
- preeclampsia to eclampsia
3) diabetes mellitus (gestational)
- hormones interact w/ insulin to resist insulin -> no glucose

Question 20

normal physiologic changes during preg

-blood volume expansion (2)

Answer 20

• blood volume increases 20%

- edema (fluid filled)

Question 21

WIC has what tied to it

Answer 21

women, infant, children

-tied to nutrition education

Question 22

normal physiologic changes during preg

-hemodilution

Answer 22

blood concentration of most vitamin & minerals decrease (unless mom eats nutritiously)
-blood volume increases, blood concentration decreases

Question 23

normal physiologic changes during preg

-maternal organ and tissues

Answer 23

• enlarge

- heart, thyroid, liver, kidneys, uterus, breasts, adipose tissue

Question 24

normal physiologic changes during preg

-circulatory system (2)

Answer 24

• increase cardiac output (increase HR & SV)

- decreased blood pressure in FIRST half of pregnancy (normalized in second half)

Question 25

normal physiologic changes during preg | -respiratory system (2)

Answer 25

- increased tidal volume 30-40% | - increased O2 consumption

Question 26

normal physiologic changes during preg | -food intake

Answer 26

- increased appetite and food intake - weight gain - taste and odor changes (2/3 of women experience this) - increased thirst

Question 27

normal physiologic changes during preg - gastointestinal - morning sickness % - puking w/ hospitalization %

Answer 27

-constipation -nausea/vomitting 70-85% of pregnancies: "morning" sickness 10-20%: hyperemesis gravidarium (hardcore puking, need hospital)

Question 28

lactation - milk production promoted by - release of milk from breast

Answer 28

milk production promoted by PROLACTIN - stimulated by suckling - release of milk from breast -> LET-DOWN REFLEX

Question 29

breastfeeding nutritional benefits for infant (4)

Answer 29

1) optimal nutrition for infant 2) lower protein content than cow's milk 3) easy to digest 4) DHA present, optimal for development of CNS

Question 30

milk types & composition (3)

Answer 30

1) colostrum (first 2-3 days after birth) - high in protein - high in lymphocytes, neutrophils & macrophages: IMMUNE FACTORS 2) transitional milk 3) mature milk (week) - 20 kcal/oz

Question 31

breast milk nutrients drawn from maternal ____ and nutrient ___

Answer 31

diet, stores

Question 32

what is the main component of breast milk | -how many extra ounces a day (for breastfeeding mom)

Answer 32

water | -32

Question 33

calories needed for breast feeding mom

Answer 33

400-500 calories daily

Question 34

benefits of breast feeding for infants (3)

Answer 34

1) cognitive function enhanced 2) reduced morbidity: diarrhea, vomitting, ear infections, dental caries (compared to formula) 3) socioeconomic -> fewer illnesses = fewer health care costs

Question 35

Healthy People 2020's goal is what

Answer 35

for the country!

Question 36

``` American Academy of Pediatrics BF infant, optimal duration -exclusive BF for how long -combination of BF & food until when -when to stop BF ```

Answer 36

- exclusive for first 6 months - BF & solid food until at least 12 months - BF as long as desired by mom & baby

Question 37

WHO BF infant, optimal duration -exclusive BF for how long -combination of BF & food for how long

Answer 37

- first 6 months | - up to 2 years or more

Question 38

Healthy People 2020 goals - how many ppl BF at hospital discharge - BF for 6 months - BF for 1 year

Answer 38

hospital: 82% 6 months: 61% 1 year: 34%

Question 39

single most important influence on woman's decision to BF is ____

Answer 39

partner's attitude

Question 40

WIC provides what for women, infants and children (4)

Answer 40

1) nutritional assessment 2) education & counseling 3) food supplements 4) access to health services